The board inquiring into the loss of the remotely-operated Helios aircraft released its final report on Friday. Helios was a solar-powered aircraft, capable of flying higher than any conventional plane. During a test flight in June, 2003, the aircraft took off from the island of Kauai and flew out over the Pacific Ocean. About 30 minutes into its flight, turbulence caused Helios to become unstable, with its wings bending more than it was designed for. Shortly after that, the upper surface of the wing ripped off, and it plunged into the ocean. The board determined that NASA lacked the analysis tools to predict how turbulence could affect the plane in all conditions.
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The crew of Expedition 9, Gennady Padalka and Mike Fincke, completed their fourth and final walk outside the International Space Station on Friday. The spacewalkers spent a total of 5 hours and 21 minutes in space installing equipment to prepare for the arrival of the new European cargo ship next year, including three communication antennas. Three more antennas will be installed by the next station crew, and Expedition 11 will upgrade equipment inside the Zvezda module to prepare for the new cargo ships as well.
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The Hubble Space Telescope took this image of the Stingray Nebula, known to astronomers as Henize 1357. The dim star is surrounded by a halo of gas that was shed when the star became a red giant - a final stage in its life. As the nebula expanded away from the star, the remaining core got hotter and hotter, heating the gas up until it glowed. The Stingray Nebula is the youngest known planetary nebula; it wasn't visible in the sky just 25 years ago, when the gas around the central star hadn't heated up enough to glow.
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According to NASA's Cassini spacecraft, the temperature of Saturn's rings range from cold to really really cold. In this false-colour image, the red signifies 110 Kelvin (-261 degrees F), and the blue is 70 Kelvin (-333 degrees F). Cassini has shown that opaque regions of the rings are cooler, while transparent sections are warmer; this was predicted by scientists before the spacecraft arrived. The data was gathered using one of Cassini's 12 scientific instruments, the composite infrared spectrometer.
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After four months in orbit, NASA's Gravity Probe B is finally ready to begin its scientific mission - to find out if two predictions by Einstein about relativity are correct. It wasn't easy, though. Controllers expected to get the spacecraft orienting on its target star within a few days, but it took weeks because sunlight reflecting off of dust particles confused its tracking system. Engineers also had to tweak the spacecraft's software to compensate for cosmic rays that flashed into its telescope. Everything's working fine now, and in a year or so, we should have some answers.
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The European Space Agency's Envisat Earth has a whole suite of tools to analyze Hurricane Frances with, and that's just what it's done. The Earth observation satellite has both optical and radar instruments, and it can observe high-atmosphere cloud structure in both the visible and infrared spectrum, and use radar backscatter to look at the roughness of the water underneath to calculate wind speeds. Frances is expected to make landfall in Florida on Saturday and cause a significant amount of damage.
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A mystery that has puzzled astronomers for years is: why does the Sun's temperature rise as you get further away from it? While the surface of the Sun might only be 6000 degrees Celsius, the corona which surrounds it can be 2 million degrees. The "wave heating" theory proposes that the Sun's magnetic field carries waves of heat from the surface of the Sun and dumps them into the corona. Another theory proposes that lines in the Sun's magnetic field get twisted up and eventually snap, releasing a tremendous amount of energy into the corona.
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NASA's Opportunity rover has gone back to work after a two week delay because a pebble was jamming its rock abrasion tool. The pebble fell out of the tool on its own just before engineers tried reversing its motor to kick it out. Opportunity demonstrated that everything was working fine by cleaning off a rock inside "Endurance Crater" with its wire brush. Mars and Earth are approaching "conjunction", where the Sun lies directly in between our planets, so controllers will be unable to communicate with the rovers for several days.
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NASA has awarded the first contracts for aerospace firms to begin preliminary concept studies for returning humans to the Moon, and then onto Mars. A total of $27 million USD was awarded to eleven companies to work on concepts for human lunar exploration and the crew exploration vehicle; there is also an option for an additional $27 million. The contracts will give the companies six months to work on their ideas, and then the additional six-month options may be exercised depending on the quality of the work.
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The Hubble Space Telescope captured this image of a supernova exploding in a relatively nearby galaxy. The star that became supernova SN 2004dj was probably 15 times the mass of our own Sun, but only 14 million years old - the larger the star, the shorter and more violent its life is. The star was located in a galaxy called NGC 2403, which is only 11 million light-years from Earth, so this makes it the closest supernova seen in more than a decade. Astronomers will continue to study SN 2004dj for years to understand how certain kinds of stars explode, and what chemicals they're made up of.
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Hurricane Frances has swept past Puerto Rico and is now on a path that could strike the Bahamas, and eventually even hit Florida. NASA workers at the Kennedy Space Center are powering down the space shuttles, closing their payload doors, and stowing away their landing gear to prepare for the storm. Frances is now a dangerous category 4 hurricane, with winds as high as 225 kph (140 mph), and it will reach the coastal US later this week. This photograph of the hurricane was taken by NASA's Terra satellite on August 31.
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Despite a series of delays, a Lockheed-Martin Atlas IIAS rocket lifted off Tuesday night, carrying a secret payload for the US National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). The rocket lifted off at 2317 UTC (7:17 pm EDT) from Cape Canaveral's Pad 36A; payload separation of the satellite into its transfer orbit happened 73 minutes later. This was the last Atlas 2 rocket that will fly. After this launch, both the class of rocket, and Pad 36A will be retired.
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The European Space Agency's Envisat earth observation satellite is getting ready for the arrival of an annual event - the opening of the hole in the Earth's ozone layer. Since a hole first opened up in the mid-1980s, satellites have been tracking its arrival and shape for years, and scientists have gotten quite good at predicting the conditions that will create the gap. The ozone hole should open up in about a week's time, and then close up again in November or December when higher temperatures around the South Pole will mix ozone-rich air into the region.
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Famed astronomer, Dr. Fred Whipple, passed away on Monday at the age of 97 after a prolonged battle with illness. He was Phillips Professor of Astronomy Emeritus at Harvard University and a Senior Physicist at Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Perhaps best known for his research into comets, Whipple discovered six, and one of the first to suggest that they were icy conglomerates (aka "dirty snowballs"). He went on to direct the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory from 1955 to 1973, and the Mt. Hopkins Observatory was renamed the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in 1981.
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Astronomers announced today that they have discovered a new class of extrasolar planets which are between 10 and 20 times the mass of the Earth - roughly the same size as Neptune. Two planets were discovered orbiting smaller stars: one around Gliese 436 and another around 55 Cancri. Both planets orbit their parent stars in about 3 days. They were discovered using the radial velocity method, which finds planets because of how they wobble their parent star. Because these planets are much smaller than Jupiter, they're probably made of rock and ice, rather than gas.
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The view from the International Space Station is great, but the window is a little small. But a new observation module - or "cupola" - under development by the European Space Agency will change all that. It's an observation and control tower that will give astronauts a panoramic view for observing and guiding operations outside the station. The 1.8 tonne module has been completed in Italy, and now it'll be transported to Cape Canaveral, Florida to launch to the station in 2009.
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NASA's X-43A prototype has been recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's fastest air-breathing aircraft. The unpiloted aircraft made an experimental flight earlier this year, and reached Mach 6.83, or 8,000 kph (5,000 mph) over the Pacific Ocean. The record will go into the 2006 edition of the book; however, NASA expects to have broken this record by the time the book goes to print. The X-43A is expected to make another flight this October, and if all goes well, it'll reach Mach 10.
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Scientists have figured out how they can use special instruments on board two NASA satellites to detect the early stages of plankton "blooms". These blooms are caused by excessive runoff of industrial fertilizer which makes marine algae grow - sometimes so thickly that water looks black. Bacteria consume the algae and use up oxygen in the water. This can kill fish in large quantities. The MODIS instruments on NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites can detect the glow in plankton's chlorophyll from orbit, and pinpoint exactly where large blooms are forming.
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When a huge asteroid slammed into the Earth 65 million years ago, it began a catastrophic chain of events that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs, and 75% of the species on Earth. One devastating aspect of the event was when hot debris rained down, starting enormous wildfires across the entire planet. Scientists from the Southwest Research Institute have come up with a model that calculates how large an impact had to be to cause massive fires. A crater 85 km (52 miles) across probably caused continent-wide fires, and a crater 135 km (83 miles) across could ignite fires around the whole world.
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This image, taken by the European Space Agency's Mars Express, is of a region on Mars called Eos Chasma; it's on the southern end of the Valles Marineris. The highest point of the plateau is 5,000 metres (3.1 miles) above the valley floor. Scientists know the higher plains are a much older feature because they have a number of ancient large impact craters that have remained for billions of years.
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Here's a 1024x768 desktop wallpaper of Hurricane Frances, which was taken by astronaut Mike Fincke aboard the International Space Station. He took this photo on the morning of August 27, 2004 from an altitude of 370 km (230 miles). Frances is currently east of the Lesser Antilles in the Atlantic Ocean, and slowly moving west-northwest. Fincke and Commander Gennady Padalka are in the fifth month of their six-month stay aboard the station.
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Although they were designed to track the height of the world's oceans, a few NASA satellites are working surprisingly well at measuring the height of inland lakes and reservoirs as well. This additional tracking ability allows scientists to monitor water levels in out-of-the-way places. For example, TOPEX/Poseidon satellite can measure water height to within 4-5 cm (2 inches), and surveys the entire Earth together with the Jason-1 satellite. By knowing water levels, scientists can predict if there will be water shortages or problems with crops long in advance.
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Two radars installed at NASA's Kennedy Space Center tracked the recent launch of the Mercury-bound MESSENGER spacecraft, and demonstrated they can be of assistance when the space shuttle returns to flight next year. During the launch, the radars "saw" the rocket's nine solid rocket boosters separate, as well as the jettison of its first stage and payload fairing - they could even see pieces of ice falling away. This means that the radars will be able to track the space shuttle as it launches, and spot any debris that falls off, regardless of visibility, darkness or cloud cover.
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NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft has now completed all of its assigned scientific duties, so controllers are letting it get some extra credit. The spacecraft was originally tasked with mapping the surface of Mars, and searching for various substances, including water - it found huge deposits of water ice just a few metres under the surface. Odyssey will now be continued to at least September 2006, giving controllers another Martian year (686 Earth days) to watch how the planet changes through the seasons. The spacecraft will also be able to assist the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, due to reach the planet in March, 2006.
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A team of European astronomers have used the European Southern Observatory's HARPS Instrument to find the smallest extrasolar planet ever discovered; it's believed to be only 14 times the mass of the Earth. The planet orbits a star called mu Arae every 9.5 days, which is located 50 light-years away in the southern constellation of the Altar. A planet this size lies right at the boundary between rocky planets and gas giants. But since it's so close to its parent star, it's probably rocky, with a relatively small atmosphere, so it would be classified as a "super Earth".
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Phosphorus is central to life on Earth for many reasons; it forms the backbone of DNA and RNA, and it's an important element in many chemical processes. The questions is, how did the Earth get so much of it? Researchers from the University of Arizona believe that the meteorites that rained down early on during the formation of the Earth could have been the source. They found that many iron-nickel meteorites are rich with minerals that contain phosphorus, and propose that life could have formed around a spot where a meteorite struck the Earth.
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NASA's Cassini spacecraft completed a 51-minute engine burn that raised its orbit away from Saturn. When it first arrived at the Ringed Planet, Cassini passed very close to the planet and went right through the rings. On its next flyby, it'll pass outside the rings and make its first close-up flyby of Titan at a distance of only 1,200 km (746 miles) - nearly 300 times closer than its previous flyby. Cassini is expected to make 45 visits to Titan over the next 4 years, and some will be even closer.
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This image of a Martian crater was taken by the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft in May, 2004. The crater is unevenly weathered, with a gentle slope on the wind-facing side, and a steep slope on the lee-side - on Earth these features are called ?barchanes?, and usually form in arid regions. There's a dune field on the bottom of the crater, that seems to be composed of sand of volcanic origin; how it got to the bottom of this crater is a mystery.
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Planet hunting has traditionally only been possible with very large telescopes, capable of detecting tiny changes around distant stars which indicate the presence of planets. But now a team of astronomers have found their first extrasolar planet using a 4-inch telescope essentially developed with off-the-shelf equipment. The new Jupiter-sized planet is located about 500 light-years away, and was discovered using the transit method, which looks for a dip in a star's brightness as a planet passes in front. The team surveyed 12,000 stars in an area half the size of the Big Dipper's bowl, and turned up 16 candidates for planets. Follow up observations with larger observatories confirmed which ones had planets, and which didn't.
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This is a detailed image of an exploded star called Cassiopeia A, taken by the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The space-based observatory focused on this remnant for 1 million seconds (just over 11 days), and revealed the bright outer green ring 10 light years across which was generated by the shockwave from the supernova explosion. Two large jets extend outside this shockwave on opposite sides, and contain large quantities of silicon. This means they were formed early on in the explosion; otherwise, they'd contain mostly iron from the star's central regions.
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NASA's Spirit rover has dug up plenty of evidence on slopes of "Columbia Hills" that water once covered the area. Spirit has been inspecting an outcrop called "Clovis" on a hill about 9 metres (30 feet) above the Gusev Crater plains, and it's found that liquid water changed the composition of the rock. Unlike rocks in the plains, which have coatings and veins created by small amounts of water, these formations have been deeply affected by water over a long period of time.
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Scientists have used data from NASA's Galileo spacecraft to uncover strange rocky lumps underneath Ganymede's icy shell. One theory is that they're rock formations, lodged deep in the ice and held up for billions of years. The data was gathered by Galileo during its second flyby of the moon in 1996. This discovery challenges theories about the thickness and strength of Ganymede's ice - you would expect the rocks held up at the top, or resting at the bottom, but not somewhere in the middle. Galileo was crashed into Jupiter nearly a year ago.
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NASA's Genesis spacecraft has nearly returned to Earth with its precious cargo of particles from the solar wind. On September 8, the spacecraft's sample return capsule will enter the Earth's atmosphere, and it will be captured in midair by a helicopter in Utah. The particles were collected over the course of 27 months, and captured in hexagonal wafers of pure silicon, gold, sapphire, and diamond. These are so fragile, that engineers didn't want to risk it actually striking the ground and damaging some of these wafers. Two helicopters will be in the air as the capsule parachutes down, and they should have 5 opportunities to snag it before it hits the ground.
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Here's a question that's surprisingly difficult to answer: how old is the Milky Way? A team of astronomers have used the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope to get an approximate age of 13.6 billion years, give or take 800 million. They reached this estimate by studying some of the oldest stars in our galaxy, which are located in globular star clusters, and born together in the same cloud of dust at the same time. They made difficult observations of a substance called Beryllium-9, which has been accumulating throughout the Universe since the Big Bang.
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One experiment on board the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft will let it cook particles from a comet in a miniature oven, and then "smell" the results. When Rosetta arrives at Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, it will send down a small spacecraft to actually land on its surface. This lander will be able to scoop up and drill samples from the comet's surface and then place them in an Evolved Gas Analyser. This tiny oven can heat the particles to 800 degrees Celsius which converts them into gas which can then be analyzed to understand what chemicals are present.
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This image was taken by the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft, and shows a system of outflow channels called the Dao Valles and Niger Valles; it was taken in June 2004, during the spacecraft's 528th orbit. The eroded channels are in a region of Mars that's near the southern flank of the Hadriaca Patera volcano, so they could have been created by fast moving lava "running off" during an eruption.
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Cassini has uncovered two new mini-moons of Saturn, orbiting between Mimas and Enceladus. The new moons have been dubbed S/2004 S1 and 2/2004 S2, and scientists estimate that they're approximately 4 km (2.5 miles) in diameter. They were detected using automated software that scans through images taken by Cassini to look for moving objects. Scientists have two theories about moons this small: they could have survived since the formation of the Solar System, or they could have formed more recently by particles from Saturn's ring accumulating together.
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A new image of Abell 2125, taken by the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, shows several intergalactic clouds of hot gas in the process of merging together; they seem to be in the process of creating a single massive galaxy cluster. Chandra's resolution allows astronomers to distinguish the clouds from the individual galaxies inside it.
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An astronomer from the University of Hawaii has captured a detailed image of a dust disk around a new star; structures in the disk show evidence of planets. The photo is of a star called AU Microscopii, which is 33 light-years away, and the closest known star with a visible disk of dust. Dr. Michael Liu used the infrared capabilities of the giant twin 10 metre (33 feet) telescopes of the Keck Observatory, and saw clumps in the stellar disk; it should be smooth and featureless if there weren't any planets.
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Globular star clusters - groupings of millions stars in close formation - are some of the most beautiful objects in the sky. Our own Milky Way has about 200 of them, but astronomers believe we used to have many more. Astronomers think that these star clusters might actually be all that remains from irregular dwarf galaxies were consumed by the Milky Way and had their outer stars stripped away. A team from Harvard and the Carnegie Institute of Washington observed 14 globular clusters in a distant galaxy, and realized that they're so large, they nearly overlap the size of small galaxies, and have many similar characteristics.
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NASA's Genesis spacecraft made an important flight correction maneuver on Monday, which put it on course to return to the Earth after more than three years in space. Genesis has spent this time collecting particles of the solar wind on ultra pure wafers of gold, sapphire, silicon and diamond. On September 8, it will send a sample return capsule into the Earth's atmosphere, which will be caught by specially trained helicopter pilots. The particles will then be analyzed by scientists in laboratories around the Earth.
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The Hubble Space Telescope has revealed an unusual situation where a young, hot star is carving out a cavity in a region of space that was once filled with cold, dense material. The massive star is known as N44F, and its stellar wind is moving nearly 5 times as fast as our Sun's solar wind. It's also ejecting 100 million times more material than the Sun. The fast moving torrent of particles collides with the colder surrounding material, pushes it away, and heats it up. N44F is in the Large Magellanic Cloud, located 130,000 light-years from Earth in the direction of the southern constellation Dorado.
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Okay, new background. This time you'll be switching your computer desktop to show the Little Ghost Nebula - known to astronomers as NGC 6369 - taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. In the eyepiece of a small telescope, this planetary nebula looks like a ghostly ring surrounding a faint dying star. At some point thousands of years ago, the central star expanded in size to become a red giant star, and then expelled its outer layers. The blue-green ring is the expelled material, which now reaches a light-year in size.
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The European Space Agency's Cluster spacecraft have helped answer a 17-year mystery about how the magnetosphere, a magnetic bubble that surrounds the Earth, keeps filling up with electrified gases, when it should be acting as a barrier to keep them out. The four Cluster spacecraft found huge swirling vortices of gas at the outer edges of the magnetosphere caused by interacting flows of solar wind. As they collapse, they force material into the magnetosphere, filling it up.
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This is the best picture that Cassini's taken so far of Hyperion, one of Saturn's smaller moons (266 kilometers, 165 miles across ). The picture was taken on July 15, when Cassini was about 6.7 million km (4.1 million miles) away. Hyperion has an irregular shape, and it's known to tumble erratically as it orbits around Saturn. Cassini will get a much closer view when it does a flyby on September 26, 2005.
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Tonight's the night when the Perseid meteor shower reaches its peak of 60 meteors/hour, and if we're lucky, a new filament of material from Comet Swift-Tuttle will give the event and extra boost. One way to make the moment last is to capture images of meteors with your camera; but, it's as hard as it sounds. First, you want to have the darkest skies you can find, and don't start until after 9:00pm. Use a standard 35 mm camera secured to a tripod, and use very fast film: ISO 400, 800 or 1,000 is recommended. Pick and area of sky, focus on infinity, and then start your camera's exposure, and then stop when a meteor streaks through the area. Don't be afraid to experiment.
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