Thanks to Cosmic Radiation, There Could be Life on Mars, Just a Couple of Meters Under the Surface

Remember back in 2008 when the Phoenix lander on Mars scraped away a few inches of rust-colored regolith to reveal water ice? Or in 2009, when Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter observations revealed vast areas of subsurface ice, event at low latitudes?

These findings – and many more like them – indicate there’s a lot of interesting things going on underneath Mars’ lifeless surface. Since we know from experience on Earth that anywhere there is water, there is life, the question of life on – or under – Mars’s surface is always provocative.

Now, a new study shows that the subsurface conditions on Mars could very likely support life, and be enhanced by an unlikely source: a steady bombardment of penetrating galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). These rays just might provide the energy needed to catalyze organic subterranean activity.

Dimitra Atri at the Center for Space Science at NYU Abu Dhabi is an astrophysicist interested in planetary habitability. His new study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, investigated the biological potential of “galactic cosmic-ray-induced, radiation-driven chemical disequilibrium in the Martian subsurface environment.”

In other words, the study looked at if just the right amount of radiation could spark metabolic energy in just the right environments to support life. Atri notes that several missions and studies have concluded the subsurface of Mars has traces of water in the form of water ice and brines, and undergoes radiation-driven chemistry, so the right ingredients appear to be in place.

In his research, he used a combination of numerical models, space mission data and studies of deep-cave ecosystems on Earth. Atri used the following five basic requirements for life to potentially survive on Mars:

  • Presence of organics to supply biological hardware
  • a source chemical disequilibrium to supply energy for metabolic activity,
  • a medium for nutrient transport, such as water,
  • the ability to transform “harmful” chemical species to benign products, and
  • a radiation damage repair mechanism.
Proposed radiolytic habitable zones on Mars: Top 3 m of the Martian subsurface is dominated by GCR-induced radiolysis, and below that with radionuclide-induced radiolysis30. The GCR-induced radiolytic zone has up to 2 orders of magnitude higher energy available for potential ecosystems than the radionuclide-induced radiolytic zone. The Martian surface is subjected to very high radiation levels, which is damaging to any potential ecosystem. Image credit: Nature/Atri, et al.

He found that galactic cosmic radiation, which can penetrate several meters below the surface, will indeed induce chemical reactions that can be used for metabolic energy by extant life. Atri notes there have been similar chemical and radiation environments on Earth which support life. Additionally, once life has gotten a toehold in an environment it can survive for long periods.  In fact, another new study published in the journal Science found that microbes buried beneath Earth’s sea floor for more than 100 million years are still alive.  

Another study in 2017 concluded that life on Mars could survive for millions of years, even near the surface.

Atri also proposes mechanisms through which life, if it ever existed on Mars, could survive and be detected with the upcoming ExoMars mission (2022) by the European Space Agency and Roscosmos.

“It is exciting to contemplate that life could survive in such a harsh environment, as few as two meters below the surface of Mars,” said Atri. “When the Rosalind Franklin rover on board the ExoMars mission (ESA and Roscosmos), equipped with a subsurface drill, is launched in 2022, it will be well-suited to detect extant microbial life and hopefully provide some important insights.”

For further info, you can find Atri’s paper here, and a press release about the study here.

Nancy Atkinson

Nancy has been with Universe Today since 2004, and has published over 6,000 articles on space exploration, astronomy, science and technology. She is the author of two books: "Eight Years to the Moon: the History of the Apollo Missions," (2019) which shares the stories of 60 engineers and scientists who worked behind the scenes to make landing on the Moon possible; and "Incredible Stories from Space: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Missions Changing Our View of the Cosmos" (2016) tells the stories of those who work on NASA's robotic missions to explore the Solar System and beyond. Follow Nancy on Twitter at https://twitter.com/Nancy_A and and Instagram at and https://www.instagram.com/nancyatkinson_ut/

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