A study of ice samples extracted from deep underneath Greenland's ice sheet could help scientists recognize methane-producing bacteria on Mars. ESA's Mars Express spacecraft recently turned up evidence of methane in the martian atmosphere. The source of this methane could be from a class of bacteria called Archaea. Although the best place to look for microbes would be from ice several hundreds of metres down, there should also be meteor craters where rock has been recently exposed.
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Like all spiral galaxies, our own Milky Way has magnificent spiral arms. We're just inside the galaxy, so we don't get a good view of them. An international team of radio astronomers have revised the distance to the Milky Way's Perseus spiral arm. They used a simple method called triangulation, where the angles to various stars are measured when the Earth is at opposite sides of its orbit. The previous estimates are probably off because the stars are moving more quickly than astronomers realized, which added errors to the calculations.
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This photograph shows two of Saturn's ring shepherd moons surrounded by halos of icy particles: Prometheus (at left) and Pandora (at right). Prometheus tugs at Saturn's rings pulling a stream of particles towards it as it orbits the giant planet. Cassini took this image on October 29, 2005 when it was approximately 459,000 kilometers (285,000 miles) from Pandora and 483,500 kilometers (300,500 miles) from Prometheus.
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An international team of astronomers have analyzed a recent short gamma-ray burst, and they think it's the last scream of a neutron star being gobbled up by a black hole. The burst was discovered on July 24, 2005 by NASA's Swift satellite, and then astronomers performed followup observations with a variety of instruments. The length of the explosion and the wavelengths of radiation emitted have led astronomers to the conclusion that it had to be a neutron star colliding with a black hole.
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Astronomers have discovered a dusty disk around a young star that could be in the process of forming new planets. The star, which is approximately the size of our own Sun, was observed using NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. The star, known as HD 12039, is about 30 million years old; the age at which astronomers believe the terrestrial planets in our Solar System had nearly formed. Based on Spitzer's analysis to date, it looks like only 1-3% of young Suns have a disk like this surrounding them.
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With Christmas approaching, I just wanted to give you a final reminder about the
Year in Space 2006 calendar. This 144-page spiral-bound desk calendar has 53 full-colour space photographs, so you can gaze into infinity as you plan your week. It's filled with space trivia, sky events, daily Moon phases, and additional calendars. Universe Today readers can save at least 27% off the suggested retail price and pay only $10.95 USD by ordering online. There's free shipping in the U.S., and deeper discounts for multiple copies.
Click here to visit their website.
Fraser Cain
Publisher
Universe Today
P.S. And congratulations to Andrea from Madison, Wisconson who won the calendar giveaway I did last week. Nice going!
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Rick Gatley took this picture of a contrail shadow from Texas. This picture was taken the cockpit of a BeechJet 400A flying westbound at 40,000 feet over the Texas coast.
Do you have photos you'd like to share? Post them to the
Universe Today astrophotography forum or
email them to me directly, and I might feature one in Universe Today.
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Shahriar Davoodian took this picture of M42 on 8th December, 2005 from Damavand, Iran. Shahriar used Meade 8" LX90 with Canon EOS 300D camera.
Do you have photos you'd like to share? Post them to the
Universe Today astrophotography forum or
email them to me directly, and I might feature one in Universe Today.
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In this Cassini image, Saturn's rings cast dark shadows across the face of the giant planet. The three bright arcs in the image are the three well-known gaps in Saturn's rings: the Cassini Division, the Encke Gap and the Keeler Gap. Cassini took this image on October 29, 2005 when it was 446,000 kilometers (277,000 miles) from Saturn.
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JAXA engineers are working hard to recover their ailing Hayabusa spacecraft. The spacecraft has been out of contact since December 9th, after it turned suddenly from a fuel leak. Hayabusa was supposed to return to Earth in June 2007, but JAXA is concerned that it won't have enough fuel to make this date, so they'll probably push the return back to 2010. Unfortunately, they have no way of knowing if Hayabusa actually retrieved a sample from Itokawa during its close encounter.
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ESA's XMM-Newton observatory has turned up hot gaseous halos around several spiral galaxies. These ghostly veils have been seen surrounding "starburst galaxies", which are going through a tremendous amount of star formation - but not around the more common kinds of galaxies. Unlike a starburst galaxies, which concentrates their halos, regular galaxies will have simmering star formation stretching across them entirely. These halos can contain up to 10 million solar masses of gas.
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An international team of astronomers have discovered a new large object in the Kuiper Belt; a region of the Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune. The object's official designation is 2004 XR 190, but the discoverers are calling it "Buffy" for now. Buffy is approximately half the size of Pluto, and orbits the Sun roughly double the distance of Neptune. Although there are larger objects in the Kuiper Belt, Buffy has one of the most unusual orbits: 47-degrees off the plane of the ecliptic, where the other planets orbit.
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NASA's Cassini spacecraft took this surprising photograph of Saturn's rings precisely edge-on. What's unusual is the strange bulge right at the edge of the rings. It's possible this bulge is created by a kilometer-sized chunk of material that's disrupting the ring material with its gravity. It could also be an effect of viewing the rings perfectly edge-on; normally faint material becomes visible when viewed at this angle.
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The European Space Agency is developing a new thruster based on the same physics that power the northern and southern auroras. This new plasma thruster could eventually deliver more power than the efficient ion engines which have been installed on several spacecraft. ESA engineers calculate that a plasma engine could deliver several times more thrust from a similar sized ion engine, but still be as fuel efficient.
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NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has found more than 100 new star clusters hidden within the dusty areas of our own Milky Way. The powerful infrared observatory can see through the dark dust that normally obscures our view of this region of the galaxy. The team of astronomers that made the discovery found that there are twice as many clusters in the southern galactic plane (visible from the southern skies) as there are from the northern galactic plane. This may offer hints about the location of the Milky Way's spiral arms.
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The brightest star in the nighttime sky is Sirius, aka the Dog Star. But did you know it has a white dwarf companion called Sirius B? Unfortunately, the light from this burned out star is washed out by Sirius' brilliant glow. Astronomers have been able to use the Hubble Space Telescope's sensitive instruments to isolate the light from Sirius B and measure its mass by how its gravity bends light emitted from the star. Even though it's only 12,000 kilometers (7,500 miles) across, Sirius B has 98% of the mass of our Sun.
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On Earth we have the Northern and Southern Lights, and there's a similar phenomenon on Mars too. But instead of sticking to the planet's poles, these faint auroras can show up anywhere on the planet; wherever there are patches of strong magnetic fields. Over the past six years, NASA's Mars Global Surveyor has turned up 13,000 aurora events on the Red Planet, and mapped their locations. These mini magnetic fields can potentially protect the planet's surface from the Sun's solar wind.
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Greetings, fellow SkyWatchers! It's "mid-time of night and the stars in their orbits shone pale through the light of the brighter cold Moon." But, be sure to take the time to "gaze for awhile on her cold smile"! There will be a brief opportunity this week to hide from that light to catch the Geminid meteor shower, as well as plenty of time to check out bright planets, stars and clusters. So turn your eyes to the skies, because...
Here's what's up!
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Even through scientists have no idea what dark matter really is, they're able to see its effect on regular matter, and use this data to build a map of where it's clustered. Astronomers have used the Hubble Space Telescope to map the dark matter in two very young galaxy clusters. Their observations lend evidence to the theory that galaxies form at the densest regions of dark matter.
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Two of Saturn's moons, Rhea and Dione posed for Cassini in this photograph. The lower moon is Dione, which has been much more geologically active in the past than Rhea. Dione has a smoother surface and linear depressions, while Rhea looks quite pummeled by impacts, like our own Moon. When Cassini took this image, Rhea was 1.8 million kilometers (1.1 million miles) away, and Dione was 1.2 million kilometers (800,000 miles) away.
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For more than 400 years, the Earth's magnetic North pole was in a roughly stable position, but now it's on the move, having drifted nearly 1,100 km (680 miles) in the last century. At this rate, it'll move out of Canada, and into Siberia in the next 50 years. If that happens, Alaska and Northern Canada may lose the beautiful Northern Lights, which are caused by the interaction of the magnetic pole and the solar wind. It could be that this is a normal oscillation of the magnetic pole, or it might be that the Earth's magnetic poles are getting ready to flip.
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The Japanese Hayabusa spacecraft has moved approximately 550 km (340 miles) away from Asteroid Itokawa, beginning the journey back to Earth. Unfortunately, it appears that the spacecraft probably failed to pick up a sample from the asteroid. JAXA officials now think that a metal bullet designed to blast material off of Itokawa's surface probably failed to fire. Hayabusa is severely damaged, and will attempt to make the return journey to Earth, but managers aren't optimistic about its chances.
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Volunteers with the Women International Space Simulation for Exploration (WISE) campaign have wrapped up 60 days of bedrest, simulating the effects of weightlessness on the human body. The 24 women spent two months in medical beds which were slightly tilted head down. The data collected during the study will help prepare astronauts for long-duration spaceflight, but it'll also help researchers working on medical problems here on Earth too.
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The NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts has recently awarded a Phase II grant for a unique robot design that could hop across the surface of Mars. An array of these tiny robots could be deployed on Mars, coordinating with one another like a swarm of insects. Dr. Penelope Boston speaks to Astrobiology Magazine about the research and future potential for this direction of robotic exploration.
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It's giveaway time again. The folks at Year in Space have agreed to award a free copy of the
Year in Space 2006 calendar to one lucky Universe Today reader. As usual, send an email to
[email protected] with the subject line "Year in Space 2006 Giveaway" before 8pm PST on Sunday, December 11. I'll pick one email randomly as the winner. If you haven't already, check out the calendar
here. I'll only keep these emails for a few days and then delete them all, so they won't be used for anything else.
Good luck!
Fraser Cain
Publisher, Universe Today
Press the correct buttons and the ATM spits out the cash you need for the weekend's jaunt. Lying behind the machine's panel, cables connect the ATM to computers that process millions of such transactions every second. Before this nano-age, people kept track of numbers using paper, pencil and an unfailing eye that looked at one item then the next. These human computers supported financiers and as George Johnson tells in his book,
Miss Leavitt's Stars, they were also the backbone of early 20th century astronomy.
This beautiful photograph of Saturn was taken when Cassini was lined up directly with the planet's rings. The black line near the top of the photograph are the rings. It's possible to see the intricate cloud patterns across the planet's surface, especially right at the terminator, which separates day from night. Cassini took this image on October 31, 2005 when it was 1.2 million kilometers (800,000 miles) from Saturn.
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When the Sun rises on the Moon after two weeks of lunar night, the dust begins to stir. This dust storm stretches right across the Moon at the terminator (the line between day and night), from pole to pole. An instrument left by the Apollo astronauts to detect micrometeorite impacts first spotted this strange phenomenon. It could be that the night side of the Moon is negatively charged, and the day side is positively charged. As the terminator shifts across the Moon, it picks up the dust and shifts it sideways.
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The ozone hole that developed above Antarctica looks smaller this year than previous years, based on observations from NASA's Aura satellite. The largest hole was measured in 1998; almost triple the size of 1985's hole. The temperature of the atmosphere above Antarctica seems to be one of the biggest factors deciding the size of the ozone hole - the colder it gets, the more ozone that's destroyed.
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NASA's Cassini spacecraft has wrapped up a successful year exploring Saturn's icy moons, and scientists have released a new set of images to celebrate. New images of Rhea were taken during Cassini's November 26th flyby, when the spacecraft dipped within 500 km (310 miles) of Rhea's surface. Other images include "zoomable" mosaics of Rhea and Hyperion taken at high resolution.
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Astronomers from Rice University have created an amazing movie of jets of plasma blasting out of a newborn star. This series of images taken five years apart by the Hubble Space Telescope allow astronomers to track how material flows out of the star. Faster moving particles crash into slower moving material, and the resulting traffic jams create the spectacular shapes in space.
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Germany's Carl Zeiss Optronics has signed a contract to supply the optical system for two instruments to be installed on the James Webb Space Telescope; the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. Due for launch in 2013 on board an Ariane rocket, the telescope will be stationed at a stable position in space called the Lagrangian point L2. JWST will be cooled down to -230 degrees Celsius so that it's highly sensitive infrared instruments can peer through clouds of gas and dust.
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This image of Saturn shows the giant planet's southwest edge, and a hint of thread-like cloud features. The edge of the planet looks smooth, but right at the terminator (the edge between light and dark), it's possible to see these cloud features. The long shadows make the height differences in the clouds visible. Cassini took this image on October 30, 2005 when the spacecraft was 401,000 kilometers (249,000 miles) from Saturn.
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The history of our nearby Universe has been dominated by galactic collisions. More than half of the nearby galaxies have collided other galaxies in the last 2 billion year according to data from two comprehensive sky surveys. By processing 126 galaxies in the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey and the Multiwavelength Survey by Yale/Chile, researchers have found that 53% of galaxies have evidence of long tails of stars trailing away from them; the result of a recent galactic collision.
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This perspective view shows the hilly terrain on Saturn's moon Titan. The image has been colour coded to show the altitude, with red being the highest areas, and blue the lowest. Stereo images were taken by Huygens as it descended into Titan's atmosphere earlier this year, and then the 3-D terrain was rendered in computer.
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This Cassini photo shows two of Saturn's moons, Dione and Enceladus floating just beneath the ringplane. Smaller Enceladus is on the right, and measures 505 kilometers (314 miles across). Dione is further away at the top left, and measures 1,126 kilometers (700 miles across). This image was taken on October 15, 2005, when Cassini was 2.1 million kilometers (1.3 million miles) from Dione and 1.5 million kilometers (900,000 miles) from Enceladus.
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On December 11, NASA's Opportunity rover will join its partner Spirit to celebrate a full Martian year on the Red Planet. Both rovers will now have experienced all of the Martian seasons, and now they're nearing the end of the Martian summer. Opportunity is currently exploring exposed bedrock along a route between Endurance and Victoria craters, and recently found rock that seems to be younger than what it discovered inside Endurance crater. These rocks seem to be petrified sand dunes, and show a longer term cycle of wetness and dryness in the region.
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Get a flat while riding a bike and you fix it, though you may never see the tack on the road that caused the puncture. However on the failure of a space mission, the whole aerospace industry might be left scratching their heads as to what happened and why. David Harland and Ralph Lorenz in their book
Space Systems Failures lay down the known space failures before the reader in great detail and full disclosure. There's the occasional rescue of launcher payloads that slightly lighten this otherwise negative subject, but from the number and variety of faults they leave no doubt that space ventures are more a gamble than a certainty.
Greetings, fellow SkyWatchers! The Moon is back and tonight it will dance with Venus. Selene and the bright planets will grace this week's night skies as our observing year rapidly draws to a close. There will be plenty of lunar features to study, as well as some very colorful stars. As luck would have it, we have not one - but two - meteor showers to watch as well! Let's head out to explore, because...
Here's what's up!
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Scientists from NASA and the National Science Foundation have created a new way to view the Earth's atmosphere during space storms. These large-scale storms resemble weather cold fronts that result from plumes of electrified plasma that flash across the Earth's ionosphere. These plumes used to seem like random events, but scientists have gotten pretty good at predicting them now, using a fleet of spacecraft. For the first time, they can now directly connect plasma observed in the atmosphere with these plumes that can extend thousands of kilometres into space.
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The rise of complex life on Earth matches the appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere, and new evidence from University of Maryland scientists suggests that the increase was more gradual than previously believed. According to microbial evidence, oxygen first appeared in our atmosphere 2.4 billion years ago, and a second large increase started 1.3 billion years ago, and reached its current levels about 600 million years ago.
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NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory has gathered 280 hours worth of data on the Perseus galaxy cluster to reveal massive amounts of turmoil in thousands of galaxies. Chandra discovered bright loops, ripples, and jet-like streaks. The supermassive black hole at the heart of galaxy NGC 1275 (Perseus A) is creating low pressure plumes of gas extending out for 300,000 light-years.
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When galaxies collide, it's a messy affair. Gas, dust and stars are often spun out into space and can form into satellite dwarf galaxies that continue to orbit their parent galaxies. NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has spotted a few dwarf galaxies in the process of formation around a recent merger in NGC 5291. Spitzer found that the dwarf galaxies are ablaze with star formation.
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The Hubble Space Telescope took this amazing picture of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant. The star at the heart of the nebula exploded as a supernova nearly 1,000 years ago, and was recorded by Chinese astronomers as being bright enough to be visible during the day. This photograph was built up from 24 individual Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 exposures taken over several years.
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When ESA's Huygens probe touched down on the surface of Titan earlier this year, it hit hard, and then slumped sideways into the soft ground. After analyzing the landing in detail, ESA scientists have calculated that Huygens probably hit a surface similar to soft clay, lightly packed snow, or wet or dry sand. It penetrated about 10mm into the ground, and then settled slightly over time by a few millimetres, tilting the probe a few degrees. It's possible that Huygens landed on a Titan beach, shortly after the hydrocarbon ocean tide went out.
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When ESA's Huygens probe passed through Titan's atmosphere on its way to a successful landing, it was buffeted by turbulence unexpected by scientists. Very little was known about Titan's atmosphere before Huygen's landing because the moon is shrouded by a thick hydrocarbon haze. Huygens found that the upper atmosphere was much thicker than expected, and broken up into several distinct layers. The probe also discovered possible evidence of lightning strikes around it.
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ESA's Mars Express has confirmed findings by the NASA Mars Exploration Rovers that liquid water must have been present on the surface of Mars for long periods. Mars Express gathered evidence with its OMEGA instrument; a visible and infrared spectrometer, which discovered large quantities of hydrated minerals across the surface of the Red Planet. These minerals, such as phyllosilicates and hydrated sulphates are created by the chemical alteration of rocks by liquid water.
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