Speed of Light (c):
History of Study:
The next great breakthrough came during the early 20th century/ In his 1905 paper, titled "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", Albert Einstein asserted that the speed of light in a vacuum, measured by a non-accelerating observer, is the same in all inertial reference frames and independent of the motion of the source or observer.
Role in Modern Astrophysics:
Wikipedia - Speed of Light
The Physics of the Universe - Speed of Light and the Principle of Relativity