A recent study published in Nature investigates recent observations from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and ground-based telescopes of heavy elements within the ejected material of a recent gamma-ray burst (GRB), classified as GRB 230307A, that was likely produced by a kilonova with GRB 230307A being designated as the second-brightest GRB ever detected. The heavy element in question is the chemical element tellurium, which is classified as a metalloid on the periodic table. However, scientists also hypothesize that the element iodine, which is a requirement for most of life on the Earth and classified as a reactive nonmetal, could also exist within the kilonova’s explosion, with both elements residing side-by-side on the periodic table.
“Just over 150 years since Dmitri Mendeleev wrote down the periodic table of elements, we are now finally in a position to start filling in those last blanks of understanding where everything was made, thanks to Webb,” said Dr. Andrew Levan, who is a professor of astrophysics at the Radboud University in the Netherlands and an honorary professor at the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom, and lead author of the study.
Tellurium is one of the rarest elements on Earth, even rarer than platinum, and is used for a variety of metal alloy applications, including semiconductors, oil refining, and solar cells, just to name a few. While rare on Earth, tellurium has been detected in planetary nebulae and ancient stars. The other element detected with these recent observations, iodine, is a requirement for life on the Earth, as it has been found to help alleviate inflammation or stress in humans. As Carl Sagan famously stated in his 1980 series Cosmos, “We are made of star stuff.”
GRB 230307A is estimated to have lasted for 200 seconds and approximately 1000 times brighter than traditional GRBs. It was first detected by NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in March 2023, and astronomers used JWST’s mid-infrared (mid-IR) imaging and spectroscopy instruments to conduct follow-up observations 29 and 61 days after the burst occurred. As noted, GRB 230307A is the second-brightest GRB ever detected, with the brightest ever being detected in 2022 and was quickly called the BOAT (Brightest of all time). GRB observations date back more than 50 years with the first-ever GRB being detected on July 2, 1967 and confirmation of the event coming in 1969. GRBs are classified as short and long, with short GRBs lasting less than two seconds and long GRBs lasting for several minutes.
“This burst is way into the long category. It’s not near the border. But it seems to be coming from a merging neutron star,” said Dr. Eric Burns, who is an assistant professor of physics & astronomy at Louisiana State University, a member of the Fermi team, and a co-author on the study.
Kilonovas are the result of the merging of two neutron stars and have been hypothesized to produce elements that are both rare and considerably heavier than the element iron. However, much like the rare elements they allegedly produce, kilonovas are also incredibly rare and difficult to detect, which makes this infrared detection by JWST even more exciting.
In this case, JWST detected the origin of the two neutron stars responsible for this kilonova as being approximately 120,000 light-years from the location of the merger, or outside of our Milky Way Galaxy. Going forward, astronomers anticipate they will detect more kilonovas due to the increased collaboration between ground- and space-based observatories.
“Webb provides a phenomenal boost and may find even heavier elements,” said Dr. Ben Gompertz, who is an assistant professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Birmingham and a co-author on the study. “As we get more frequent observations, the models will improve and the spectrum may evolve more in time. Webb has certainly opened the door to do a lot more, and its abilities will be completely transformative for our understanding of the Universe.”
What new discoveries will astronomers make about GRBs, kilonovas, and rare elements in the coming years and decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!
As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!
I was confused by the sentence “kilonova as being approximately 120,000 light-years from the location of the merger, or outside of our Milky Way Galaxy”, so I visited the Webbsite to read their version – it says “a spiral galaxy about 120,000 light-years away from the site of the merger.” which didn’t help much. I presume they mean the binary traveled 120000LY before the merger occurred. I am also puzzled by the sentence “Using Webb’s spectacular sensitivity, scientists captured the first mid-infrared spectrum from space of a kilonova, which marked Webb’s first direct look at an individual heavy element from such an event”, yet they talk about NIRCam and NIRSpec and show us a near-IR spectrum…
Update: reply from STScI: “Thank you for your interest in and comments on the JWST kilonova press release. Yes, we meant the binary traveled 120,000 light-years before the merger occurred. As for near-infrared versus mid-infrared, we learned while working on this release that different subgroups of astronomers define the ranges somewhat differently. So while the data shown comes from JWST’s near-infrared instruments, the lead author considered it to be “mid-infrared” from a kilonova study perspective.”
An article has an author pointing out the significance in the detection: “Watson, who co-authored a paper detailing the findings published Oct. 25 in the journal Nature, explained that tellurium, ?with 128 protons and neutrons, gets scientists much closer to really heavy elements and pinpointing neutron-star mergers as the sites of heavy-element production. “We would like to find elements closer to the heaviest elements, such as uranium, which has about 235 protons and neutrons,” Watson said. “There is a very long way from around 90 to around 240.” [“James Webb telescope spots ultra-rare cosmic explosion that could reveal the origin of the universe’s heaviest elements”, Robert Lea, LiveScience.]
He is also lauding the JWST for the discovery: “Watson believes the detection of this heavy element around the neutron star merger wouldn’t have been possible without JWST, the most powerful telescope humanity has ever put into space.”
@James Ryan: Thanks for the added detail!
Seems the authors are trying to find the binary host galaxy from the position of the kilonova outside any nearby galaxy (see the image). The above article says: “In addition to spotting the telltale emissions of tellurium, JWST pinpointed a spiral galaxy 120,000 light-years from the kilonova where the dead stars likely originated. The team suspects the neutron stars involved in the merger that created the kilonova were ejected from this galaxy as a binary pair and traveled a distance equal to the width of the Milky Way together, before finally spiraling together and merging.”
And the arxiv preprint (paper is paywalled) provides som observational context: “A fit to our combined MUSE + JWST data for the host galaxy (Supplementary Information) suggests a relatively low mass (? 2.5 × 10^9 M_?) dominated by an older ? 10 Gyr population, but with a second more recent burst of star formation. These properties are entirely consistent with the population of short GRB host galaxies [48, 49]. The host normalised offset of the burst from the host galaxy places it in the top 10% of those seen for short GRBs [48, 50]. The offset could readily be achieved
by a binary with a velocity of a few hundred km s^?1 and a merger time of hundreds of millions of years.”
A binary traveling with 100 km s^?1 or 1/3000 of light speed will travel 120,000 light years in 360 million years.