Solar Astronomy | Universe Today

A mission to the sun is difficult stuff. For 30 years scientists and engineers have struggled with developing a spacecraft that could survive the harsh environment close to the sun, but always ended up running into insurmountable technology limitations or blowing the top off the budget. But now the Applied Physics Lab believes they have come up with a plan that will work, and NASA has given them the go-ahead to get a mission ready by 2015. And contrary to the old joke about a mission to the sun, the new Solar Probe won’t have an easy time of it by just heading to the sun at night…
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The connection between solar activity and global warming has been a contentious issue for a long time. The idea that cosmic rays create global cloud cover just doesn't seem to be working out; even the highest estimates of cloud cover variation caused by cosmic ray flux predict the effect to be very small. Now UK scientists have stepped into the debate, producing scientific evidence that there is no link between global warming, cosmic rays and solar activity. Sorry global warming sceptics, we might have to cut back on the emissions after all…
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The solar wind comes in two modes: fast and slow. Solar astronomers have a good idea as to where the fast solar wind comes from: polar coronal holes of open magnetic field lines, blasting solar particles at speeds of over 3 million km/hr. But what about the slow solar wind which fires particles into space at a pedestrian 1.5 million km/hr? We know it comes from the streamer belt above equatorial regions of the Sun, but we have never been able to look lower. But now, with the help of the Hinode observatory, stunning high-resolution images and video have been captured showing solar dynamics previously overlooked. The point at which the Sun ejects slow wind particles into space can now be studied in unparalleled detail to help us understand the dynamics of space weather and solar storms.
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For you solar observing fans, enjoy the beauty. Over the years both the public and astronomers alike have witnessed the Sun's volatile and ever-changing atmosphere. Before our eyes huge geysers of hot gas spew into the solar corona at tens of thousands of km per hour. Every few minutes they erupt and reach dynamic proportions. Now a team of scientists have used the Hinode spacecraft to find the origin and progenitor of these fountains - immense magnetic structures that thread through the solar atmosphere. Read more…

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A solar tsunami blasted its way through the sun’s lower atmosphere on May, 19 2007, and the action was captured by the twin STEREO spacecraft. Solar tsunamis are launched by huge explosions near the Sun's atmosphere, called coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Although solar tsunamis share much in common with tsunamis on Earth, the solar version can travel at over a million kilometers per hour. Last year’s tsunami blasted and rolled for about 35 minutes, reaching peak speeds around 20 minutes after the initial flare. The observations were made by a team from Trinity College, Dublin.

"The energy released in these explosions is phenomenal; about two billion times the annual world energy consumption in just a fraction of a second. In half an hour, we saw the tsunami cover almost the full disc of the Sun, nearly a million kilometers away from the epicenter," said David Long, a member of the team that made the observations.
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For several decades solar scientists have been hard at work trying to unravel the mysteries of the solar corona. Thanks to a medical x-ray technique known as tomography, scientists are able resolve solar activity in greater detail. By using a new way of processing images, active regions now take on dimensions never foreseen by computer models. Read more…

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As if to remind us it is still there, the Sun has put on an explosive show of sunspots, flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). This is quite surprising as only last month it was declared that the Sun had just started a new solar cycle, and a period of minimum activity. Up until now, the solar disk has been void of any observable features… but like an invasion party, three sunspots have rotated into view, showing complex arcs of magnetic fieldlines (coronal loops), blasting plasma into space by the biggest flare observed this year. Observers have also recorded the radio burst from the CME, so if you want to know what a CME sounds like, read on…
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Over the past seven years, NASA Sun-Earth Connection Education Forum has sponsored and coordinated education and public outreach events to highlight NASA Sun-Earth Connection research and discoveries. Their purpose is to interest school students and the general public to participate in programs that occur throughout the year and the kickoff is about to begin. This year's main event will be on March 20, 2008. Read more…

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“One equal temper of heroic heart
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.�
—from the poem “Ulyssesâ€? by Alfred, Lord Tennyson

The Ulysses spacecraft has been heroically studying our sun for more than 17 years, almost four times its expected lifetime. But now, the mission might be finally succumbing to the harsh environment of space. Mission managers say the spacecraft will likely “die� in the next month or two.

“Little remains; but every hour is saved
From that eternal silence, something more,
A bringer of new things; …
To Follow knowledge like a sinking star,
Beyond the utmost bound of human thought.�
(more from “Ulysses�)
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Highly energetic solar particles are generated by solar flares and can be harmful to astronauts and sensitive satellite circuits. Solar flares are most likely to occur during periods of heightened solar activity (i.e. during solar maximum at the peak of the 11 year solar cycle), and future manned missions will need to be highly cautious not to be unprotected in space at these times. Many attempts are underway at forecasting solar activity so "solar storms" can be predicted, but a form of early warning system is required to allow time for astronauts to seek cover and satellites put in a low-power state. Now, using the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), scientists are testing a new method of detecting high energy solar ions, in real-time.
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The Sun is constantly losing mass. Our closest star is shedding material through the solar wind, coronal mass ejections and by simply generating light. As the burning giant begins a new solar cycle, it continues to lose about 6 billion kilograms (that's approximately 16 Empire State Building's worth) of mass per second. This may seem like a lot, but when compared with the total mass of the Sun (of nearly 2×10³⁰ kilograms), this rate of mass loss is miniscule. However small the mass loss, the mass of the Sun is not constant. So, when using the Astronomical Unit (AU), problems will begin to surface in astronomical calculations as this "universal constant" is based on the mass of the Sun…
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Continuing on its epic journey around the Sun, Ulysses has reached the Sun's north pole just in the nick of time. In fact, its timing couldn't be better, just as the Sun begins "Solar Cycle 24". The probe is in a unique orbit, passing over the solar north and south poles, out of the ecliptic plane of the solar system, giving it an unprecedented view of parts of the Sun we cannot observe on Earth. "Graveyards for sunspots" and mysterious coronal holes lurk in these regions and Ulysses will be perfectly placed, directly above.
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On December 2^nd, 1995 a large joint ESA and NASA mission was launched to gain an insight to the dynamics of the Sun and its relationship with the space between the planets. 12 years on, the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) continues to witness some of the largest explosions ever seen in the solar system, observes beautiful magnetic coronal arcs reach out into space and tracks comets as they fall to a fiery death. In the line of duty, SoHO even suffered a near-fatal shutdown (in 1998). As far as astronomy goes, this is a tough assignment.
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Blinking spots of intense light are being observed all over the lower atmosphere of the Sun. Not just in the active regions, but in polar regions, quiet regions, sunspots, coronal holes and loops. These small explosions fire elegant jets of hot solar matter into space, generating X-rays as they go. Although X-ray jets are known to have existed for many years, the Japanese Hinode observatory is seeing these small flares with unprecedented clarity, showing us that X-ray jets may yet hold the answers to some of the most puzzling questions about the Sun and its hot corona.
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Cancer is a mysterious and complicated disease, with many different types and causes. Researchers are still trying to track down all of the environmental effects that can lead to the disease, as anything from what someone eats to where they live determines the probability of developing cancer. A recent paper published in The International Journal of Astrobiology looked at data for cancer deaths from around the world for the past 140 years, and found a strong correlation between rises in cancer deaths and the amount of cosmic rays emitted by the Sun.
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All right, that title is a little misleading. In fact, when I first read the original press release, my skepticism alarms went off. But it's true, the amazing Comet Holmes now has a halo that's larger than the Sun. Not bad for a comet that, until three weeks ago, was just a tiny dim dirty snowball orbiting near Jupiter.
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Well, this is one of the coolest things I've seen all week. NASA released a new video of the Sun, captured by the twin STEREO spacecraft. The video, in Quicktime format, covers 2.5 days of the Sun, and shows it slowly rotating, with solar prominences blasting out into space.
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I recently wrote an article for Wired Science about how there doesn't appear to be a link between cosmic rays and global warming. Now another argument against human-created global warming has fallen to the wayside: increasing temperatures from the Sun.
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One of the great risks of space travel is the threat from solar radiation storms. An unlucky group of astronauts traveling to the Moon could get caught unprotected as a hail of charged particles and radiation blast through the spacecraft. But now NASA researchers think the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) will be able to give astronauts some warning before the big storm hits.
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ESA's Cluster spacecraft were at the right place at the right time to encounter a very special event: the Earth's bow shock - a wave that forms where the solar wind buffets the magnetosphere - breaking and reforming. This situation was predicted in theory more than 20 years ago, but scientists had never seen it happening in space, until now.
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As you may know, our Sun follows a relatively predictable 11-year cycle of solar activity. During the solar minimum, there's very little activity, and only a handful of sunspots. During the solar maximum, there can be frequent and powerful coronal mass ejections and X-ray flares.
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NASA's newest solar observatories have released their first images of the Sun, and they're great. Of course, to really enjoy the pictures, you'll need 3-D glasses.
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It's Spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and that means the Sun is back. But it's more than just a free heat lamp for your garden, it's an incredible, dynamic nuclear reaction complete with flares, coronal mass ejections, twisting magnetic fields and the solar wind. Put in your headphones, head outside and enjoy the sunshine while you listen to this week's podcast.
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NASA released some absolutely amazing new images of the surface of the Sun today, taken by the Japanese Hinode spacecraft. Just look at the attached image with this story, and you'll get a sense of why astronomers think this spacecraft will do for solar astronomy what Hubble has done for the visual spectrum.
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Our Sun is very close to the calmest point of its 11-year cycle of activity, what scientists call the "Solar Minimum". But that doesn't mean it's totally quiet. In mid-December, NASA/ESA's Ulysses spacecraft encountered a torrent of particles bursting from the Sun's southern pole.
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