New Photos Show Collapsed Chains of Craters on a Martian Volcano

By Nancy Atkinson May 13, 2023
New Photos Show Collapsed Chains of Craters on a Martian Volcano

Most everyone is familiar with Olympus Mons, the largest volcano on Mars and also the largest in the Solar System. But there are several other enormous shield volcanoes on Mars. The second largest is Ascraeus Mons, and new images from ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft reveal some interesting features on the side or flank of the mountain.

The images show regions where underground lava flows emptied out of chambers or tubes, which then collapsed into chains of craters. There are also smaller snakelike channels called "sinuous rilles," which meander in a curved path like a river. They are commonly thought to be the remains of smaller collapsed lava tubes, but scientists are still unsure how they form. In all, these dramatic and large fissures on the lower southern flank of Ascraeus Mons -- which are collectively named Ascraeus Chasmata -- cover an area an enormous area over 70 km across.  

This oblique or 'sideways' perspective view shows the southern flanks of Ascraeus Mons, the second-tallest volcano on Mars. ESA/DLR/FU Berlin.

Ascraeus Mons is the northernmost and tallest of three prominent volcanoes found in the Tharsis region of Mars, a volcanic plateau in Mars’ western hemisphere. Ascraeus Mons  reaches a towering 18 km (11.2 miles) in height but its slopes are gentle, with an average incline of 7 degrees. This slow climb is reflected in the volcano’s huge base diameter of 480 km, giving it a footprint roughly the size of Romania on Earth.

Martian volcanoes in the Tharsis region. Credit: NASA/JPL

Comparatively, Olympus Mons is 25 km (16 mi) high and 624 km (374 mi) in diameter, (approximately the same size as the state of Arizona). On Earth, Mauna Kea in Hawai’i has an elevation of 4,205 meters (13,796 feet); however, the base of the volcano is about 6,000 meters (19,685 feet) below sea level. So, if Mauna Kea is measured from the base of the volcano on the ocean floor to the summit, it is over 10,000 meters (33,000 feet) tall.

Mars Express has been orbiting the Red Planet since 2003, imaging Mars’ surface, mapping its minerals, identifying the composition and circulation of its tenuous atmosphere, while also probing beneath its crust, and exploring how various phenomena interact in the Martian environment.

Further reading: ESA

Nancy Atkinson

Nancy Atkinson

Nancy Atkinson is a space journalist and author with a passion for telling the stories of people involved in space exploration and astronomy. She is currently retired from daily writing, but worked at Universe Today for 20 years as a writer and editor. She also contributed articles to The Planetary Society, Ad Astra (National Space Society), New Scientist and many other online outlets.

Her 2019 book, "Eight Years to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Missions,” shares the untold stories of engineers and scientists who worked behind the scenes to make the Apollo program so successful, despite the daunting odds against it. Her first book “Incredible Stories From Space: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Missions Changing Our View of the Cosmos” (2016) tells the stories of 37 scientists and engineers that work on several current NASA robotic missions to explore the solar system and beyond.

Nancy is also a NASA/JPL Solar System Ambassador, and through this program, she has the opportunity to share her passion of space and astronomy with children and adults through presentations and programs. Nancy's personal website is nancyatkinson.com