What is the Biggest Star in the Universe?
Written by Fraser Cain
My six-year old daughter is a question asking machine. We were driving home from school a couple of days ago, and she was grilling me about the nature of the Universe. One of her zingers was this, "What's the Biggest Star in the Universe"? I had an easy answer, the Universe is a big place, and there's no way we can possibly know what the biggest star is. That didn't go over so well. So she refined the question. What's the biggest star that we know of?
Of course, I was stuck in the car, and without access to the Internet. But now I'm back at home, doing some research, and I thought I'd share the answer with the rest of you too.
Before we jump straight to the answer, let's take a look at our own Sun for a sense of scale. Our familiar star is a mighty 1.4 million km across (870,000 miles). That's such a huge number that it's hard to get a sense of scale. The Sun accounts for 99.9% of all the matter in our Solar System. In fact, you could fit one million planet Earths inside the Sun.
Astronomers use the terms "solar radius" and "solar mass" to compare large and smaller stars, so we'll do the same. A solar radius is 690,000 km (432,000 miles) and a solar mass is 2 x 1030 kilograms (4.3 x 1030 pounds). That's 2,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg.
One huge, famous star in our galaxy is the monster Eta Carinae, located approximately 7,500 light years away, and weighing in at 100 solar masses. It's 4 million times as bright as the Sun. Most stars blow with a solar wind, losing mass over time. But Eta Carinae is so large that it casts off 500 times the mass of the Earth every year. With so much mass lost, it's very difficult for astronomers to accurately measure where the star ends, and its stellar wind begins.
So the best answer astronomers have right now is that Eta Carinae's radius is 400 times the size of the Sun. And as star size estimates go, that's pretty accurate.
And one interesting side note: Eta Carinae should explode pretty soon as one of the most spectacular supernovae humans have ever seen.
But that's nothing. The largest known star is VY Canis Majoris; a red hypergiant star in the constellation Canis Major, located about 5,000 light-years from Earth. University of Minnesota professor Roberta Humphreys recently calculated its upper size at more than 2,100 times the size of the Sun. Placed in our Solar System, its surface would extend out past the orbit of Saturn. Light takes more than 8 hours to cross its circumference!
Some astronomers disagree, and think that VY Canis Majoris might be smaller; merely 600 times the size of the Sun, extending past the orbit of Mars.
That's the biggest star that we know of, but the Milky way probably has dozens of stars that are even larger, obscured by gas and dust so we can't see them.
But let's see if we can work out the original question, what's the biggest star in the Universe? Obviously, it's impossible for us to actually find it – the Universe is a big place, and there's no way we can peer into every corner.
But according to theorists, how big can stars get?
I contacted Roberta Humphreys from the University of Minnesota, the researcher who calculated the size of VY Canis Majoris, and posed this question to her. She noted that the largest stars are the coolest. So even though Eta Carinae is the most luminous star we know of, it's extremely hot – 25,000 Kelvin – and so only a mere 400 solar radii.
The largest stars will be the cool supergiants. For example, VY Canis Majoris is only 3,500 Kelvin. A really big star would be even cooler. At 3,000 Kelvin, a cool supergiant would be 2,600 times the size of the Sun.
That, she believes, is the largest possible star.
Finally, here's a great animation that shows the size of various objects in space, starting with our tiny planet and finally getting to VV Cephei A. I guess they didn't have the new info on VY Canis Majoris to include it in the animation.
Want to learn more about the birth and death of stars? We did a two part podcast at Astronomy Cast. Here's part 1, Where Stars Come From, and here's part 2, How Stars Die.
Have you ever wondered, what is the biggest planet?
Filed under: Astronomy, Space Shuttle
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April 6th, 2008 at 5:53 pm
Mi hija de seis años es una máquina de hacer preguntas. Hace un par de dÃas regresábamos a casa en el auto y ella me torturaba con preguntas sobre la naturaleza del universo. Una de sus preguntas más ocurrentes fue ¿Cuál es la estrella más grande del universo? [...] Fuente: Fraser Cain para Universe Today.
April 6th, 2008 at 10:58 pm
Erm, the animation wasn't there. Could somebody please redo this page?
April 6th, 2008 at 11:10 pm
Gotta love the curiosity and the ability of asking simple but almost impossible to answer questions of 6-year olds…
Thank your daughter from me!
Indirectly she increased my feeling of awe for the universe.
April 6th, 2008 at 11:57 pm
I leave you the same animation but with music, Also Sprach Zaratustra (sp?), and it adds a lot more to the effect.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyhT2v5DMwU
Cheers.
April 7th, 2008 at 4:44 am
Welcome back, Fraser. I was worried something might have happened to you. Ian is doing a good job. However, please don't scare us like that again.
April 7th, 2008 at 5:25 am
When I was that age, I was told to shut up when I asked questions like that @ school.
Full marks on attempting to answer a very curious child's question.
Cool animation
April 7th, 2008 at 5:53 am
The followup question is what is the star with the most mass?
April 7th, 2008 at 6:06 am
Damn we are so small… yet our Human ego wouldn't fit on any of those stars… In fact it would take a lot more than that just to accomodate Mr. Bush's ego wouldn't it ?? lol
April 7th, 2008 at 6:19 am
Mike Portugal.
You watch a cool video like that and the most important thing to pop into your head is to complain about Mr. Bush's ego?
Get a life.
April 7th, 2008 at 6:40 am
I haven't gone anywhere, I've just gotten helpers. There's just too much news for me to cover all by myself. And there are too many other jobs that had been piling up. With Nancy and Ian's help, I'm able to finally tackle it.
April 7th, 2008 at 2:24 pm
My poor dsl hookup is fussy, but by going to that other (Thanks Haplo!!) on Youtube I got one reaction, W O W ! ! And that was repeated all 5 times I watched and listened to it.
April 7th, 2008 at 7:13 pm
Crazy! My almost-5-year-old son asked me the same question in the car today! I told him I really didn't know, but I guessed maybe a star might exist that was 1 million solar masses (he pretended to understand), but if it did, it wouldn't last long. That leads to the next question, mentioned by Mr. van Loon in a comment above: what's the greatest know mass of a star, and is there a theoretical upper limit to a star's mass? My son is waiting…
April 7th, 2008 at 10:10 pm
2600 solar raddi is biggest star in universe.Right?
April 7th, 2008 at 10:13 pm
Your little daughter is asking difficult questions at the age of 6.Be ware.
April 8th, 2008 at 12:43 am
Hmmm. It seams there is a larger star named A1. This new Star has an apparent mass of 114 times the Sun which would be 3.2 times larger then VV Cephei. With a possible Diameter of 5140-6080 times the Sun. So yes it would be even LARGER then VV Cephei and VY Canis Majoris.
http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1383
April 8th, 2008 at 1:55 am
Keep in mind that mass isn't the same as size. Some of the most massive stars aren't as large as the cool, red supergiants. As you see in the article, Dr. Humphreys calculated that the largest star would be about 2,600 times the size of the Sun.
I'll do another article about the most massive stars, and explain the size limits, and what happens when you get too much mass.
April 8th, 2008 at 2:13 am
dre, there isn't a star over 200 solar masses.
April 8th, 2008 at 5:09 am
Hey Mr. Marcellus,
I DO have a life, for the time being at least, and YES that IS what comes to mind because this is where we all live, breath and everything else so i am much more interested in what is going on here on THIS planet and the politics which govern us all.
So if you do not think that we should all take a "closer" look to what is going on here you sir are a child without a hint of a brain.
So YOU get a life and by all means start contributing with something other than love for Bush cause we ( outside the US ) have already seen and felt what it feels like to have our entire World suffer from the US politics alone.
Be more polite next time and "maybe" you'll come across as a bit more inteligent than you seem.
Grow up please.
BTW, it is a GREAT article and the sheer dimensions of it all make me wonder how can Earthlings have such big egos yet be so small.
Mike
Peace
April 8th, 2008 at 8:10 am
Is it me, or do these two ginormous examples seem uncomfortably close (reletively) to us?
It's me, right??
April 9th, 2008 at 5:21 am
There's a star called LBV 1806-20 that's ridiculously massive (150 solar masses), unbelievably bright (40 MILLION times solar) and sits right in our backyard – the Milky Way! This monster is so huge that if placed side-by-side with Eta Carinae, the latter would not be detectable. I for one don't want this monster going hypernova any time soon…
April 10th, 2008 at 2:28 am
yup that one ( LBV 1806-20 is blue and certainly HUMONGOUS to say the least…
http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/brightest_star_040106-1.html
Peace
Mike
April 11th, 2008 at 6:27 pm
Haplo, this is a great soundtrack to that sequence as well
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bov9M2gEgcE
April 14th, 2008 at 2:10 am
The biggest star in the Umiverse will be a mystery till the existence of the Universe
April 19th, 2008 at 12:58 pm
I tend to think that all this is way too speculative to be of real value for the moment. We still have a LOT to learn before we can even begin to answer these questions about how many living worlds or intelligent worlds there are in the galaxy. We're only now starting to answer some of the premilinary questions to that one, such as how common planetary formation really is, we haven't gone much beyond hypothesis in other such questions, like how common the birth of life as we know it is when conditions are favorable. And we really have no way of knowing anything yet about the eventual emergence of intelligence in other worlds: there's no statistical value in studying ONE data point, which is what we really have.
The answer is: investigate, investigate, investigate. Investigate Mars, Europa, Titan, every place in our planetary system where life might have been able to grow roots in, investigate nearby stars in search of planets, and especially planets that might be similar to our own. Investigate how those systems behave dynamically, to better understand how common or uncommon our system really is. Investigate much better the past of life on Earth and how it reacts and reacted to typical events that are likely to happen in other worlds, such as impacts, star energy output irregularities, major geological events, etc. THEN, we might be able to have a solid answer to those questions about extraterrestrial life and intelligence.
And it's what we have been doing, really. I, personally, feel the progress as painstakingly slow, but then again I'm not the most patient of men (and I'm not getting any younger). And even I agree that the progress has been vast in the last couple of decades. I'd like a lot more, I'd like to see a proper Europa probe, something being sent to Triton, more Mars rovers, a Titan lander able to move around the place, a Jupiter or Saturn (or even Uranus or Neptune) atmospheric probe, and so on, but I know I can't complain about what has been done.
April 19th, 2008 at 1:02 pm
Er… how on Earth did this happen?! I click to comment on the odds of intelligent life and my comment gets posted in this post?!
What the heck?!
I'll try to repost it in the proper place now. Hopw it won't be placed here once more…
April 21st, 2008 at 12:55 pm
The scale of space and time in the universe is beyond our understanding. Given enough time we could unlock every secret the universe has, alas we are victims of our own success. Like a massive star burning all of its energy in only a fraction of the time given we as arace will fizzle and burn under the weight of our own technology.
April 27th, 2008 at 5:27 pm
The literature always points to stars of 4-to-8 solar masses as being black holes. How can stars larger than 8 solar masses remain as stars and not instantly become black holes? I realize there must be balancing act between inward gravity and outward radiation, but at some point, we've been taught that the number of solar masses cannot stop the gravitational implosion. Does the Schwartzchild radius also make the determination for black hole formation, even for 200 solar mass stars?
May 8th, 2008 at 7:10 am
THe number of solar masses does not matter as long as the star is burning through fusion. The star will always produce just enough energy to counterbalance gravity and remain a star. It is only when the fusion cannot proceed (when all fuel is exhausted) that the star has no way to avoid a gravitational implosion. When an implosion is underway, it is at this time the star's mass is the only parameter that decides whether the star will be a bh, ns or wd. THere is no question of a say 100 solar mass star imploding instantly into whatever because a star can and will produce the energy required to keep itself afloat.
May 29th, 2008 at 6:20 am
What if there's a planet that big? How big would the alien beings be? Size of Earth or bigger maybe? What if they used spacecrafts that used all of Russia to land? Scary.
July 1st, 2008 at 4:59 am
Complete novice with a passing interest alert..
I seem to remember being told by my cathode ray tube that, if the moon hadn't been knocked out of the earth at a relatively early age, our lovely planet would have more mass and therefore stronger gravity.
Stronger gravity would prevent animals from growing to even human size (and prevent them walking upright). So on a massive planet, the aliens would likely be smaller than us.
But hold on.. that would mean that "spacecraft the size of Russia" would have to come from smaller planets…. parking space would presumably be at a premium on that world :O/
July 1st, 2008 at 5:01 am
Sorry… forgot to say.
Great article, and a brilliantly inquisitive daughter.
A future Universe Today contributor no doubt.
July 1st, 2008 at 5:11 pm
Daughters of 6 years old can indeed ask some very difficult questions. Enjoy them while you can.
Daughters at 15 can ask questions somewhat more difficult. Fathers' hair turns gray for a reason.
July 5th, 2008 at 9:57 am
My biggest cosmological wish is to be around to witness Eta Carinae going supernova. When it finally does clearly it will be the most important astronomical event in human history and even current technology will permit the astronomical community to obtain the most complete and important data about our universe ever. Go Eta go.
July 21st, 2008 at 1:37 pm
I truly enjoyed your article! And if your little girl's mind is like this at 6 (?!) I envy the things she'll see, the places she'll go, the thing's she'll do…
July 22nd, 2008 at 2:56 am
SAdly watching Eta go up in smoke WILL be the last thing you do. The ejecta and strong neutronic blast will wipe all but the simplest life forms from the earth, IF it lasts more than 24 hours. If less some portion of the Earth will be spared. The Mayans predicted this oooh, 2000 years ago.
August 3rd, 2008 at 9:38 pm
Ron B., that's actually unlikely if current estimations are correct – unless it's a particularly powerful hypernova (which would only happen if solar winds don't make it shed enough mass to become a Wolf-Rayet star), our atmosphere and magnetic field should be enough to protect us. Its axes are currently not pointing at the earth, so even a gamma ray burst from it would probably mostly not affect our planet unless it shifts somehow. Either way, it'll probably be bright enough to read books during the nighttime.
Kamal, planets as we know them could not exist at that size, as the gravity exerted by that much mass would ignite nuclear fusion and turn it into a star.
September 9th, 2008 at 9:23 pm
To Ron B.; it's getting tiresome, this Mayan talk. Every year, some religion/culture/guy says the world's gonna end… in 1993! Wait, no, 1995! Oops… um, 2000? No, 2001, that's when the new century starts! Crud, that didn't work either…
Isn't the point of this subject to point out how tiny we are as not just people or countries or planets, but entire galaxies? If the fate of the world hinges on a small group of guys that may have gotten SOME stuff right (when lunch was going to be served, etc.), I'd say the universe was pretty danged petty. SO don't say "They predicted this ohh, 2000 years ago…" like you're the well of information when it comes to Mayan culture, as if they have ANY say when it comes down to it.
September 21st, 2008 at 3:01 am
Here's a youtube clip including VY Canis Majoris – not as well put together as the progressive one, though:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I34FNr_peUk
September 22nd, 2008 at 4:54 pm
My dad say's that beattle jucie is the biggest star in our galaxy I am sorry if I mad some spelling misstakes. I am wondering if you know god and belive that god created everything.
September 27th, 2008 at 4:52 pm
This video on YouTube is more dramatic. I teach science to K-5, and my 5th graders were so impressed and wanted me to play it over several times….music and timing are everything!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WEL117xXpw
October 6th, 2008 at 1:24 pm
ohmygoodness, your six year old daughter sounds so adorable.
it's amazing how impressionable and interested she is. thank you for sharing, this was very helpful, and very interesting too. it's amazing how although we look at the sun and think wow, that is HUGE, we don't realise how tiny it actually is.
wow, what a big universe.
October 9th, 2008 at 11:46 am
Just a passing note – not a criticism or anything – we all do this sort of thing … but I had to smile when I read: "Light takes more than 8 hours to cross its circumference."
October 9th, 2008 at 11:59 am
Oh yes, and also … on the topic of children. We (local astro club) took our telescopes out to a (primary) school yesterday and had the lovely report from the headmistress that several of the children had dragged their parents outside, away from their "boring television shows", to look at the cool things in the sky. The future may be uncertain, but there are still some bright young minds around to inherit it.
October 29th, 2008 at 11:00 am
Kamal: If a planet was that big, the gravitational field would be so strong that it would make life impossible on the planet. That's if there really is life outside this planet anyway, which I tend to doubt. By the way, I believe God created the heavens and the earth, if not, how did the earth get to just the right place to support life. If our orbit was off by the slightest margin, or the sun was a little bit farther away from us, life could not exist.
November 6th, 2008 at 3:03 am
Well all this information on VY Canis Majoris and my father believes its till only a theorie and that scientists are guessing it exists without proof is that true or is there some proof which can convice him otherwise?
November 12th, 2008 at 5:44 am
I don't understand why VY Canis Majoris isn't marked on the map of the constellation Canis Major. Or am I missing something?
November 18th, 2008 at 10:37 am
i have many questions and so on but i have one big but simple question!?!? have we ever recorded the sun moving in circles as we rotate around it?? picture a dizzy symple circle till it comes to its comlete center and spins on spot….???? i havent search that part of the internet yet just checking my theories……and i liked the way you went to explain the biggest star…..but i'm a fanatic about everything that can be questioned haha like your daughter
November 18th, 2008 at 10:40 am
hah i'm tired i re read it and still missed that symbole haha
December 2nd, 2008 at 1:12 am
have we ever thought of the universe as one GIANT ATOM???? cuz the atom is so complexed like the mind……… so….. i dont know but i do know that i dont know was the first thing i knew i believe before i even knew what i was doing
December 3rd, 2008 at 7:34 pm
My stars bigger than yours!
:p
December 3rd, 2008 at 7:34 pm
lolololollol eat a penis!
Internet lol!
December 4th, 2008 at 12:56 pm
Hi.
I'm just asking if VY Canis Majoris is only 2'100 times the size of the Sun, because I heard that Beteigeuze is 3'600 times the size of the Sun. I wish you could answer me this question because I love studying the Universe and this doubt is making me think.
Thank you for your patience,
João Martins, 11 years old, Portugal.
December 11th, 2008 at 2:29 pm
Wow, those stars are HUGE! And only 2100 times the size of the sun? The theorectical limit is actually 2600, so imagine that.
January 4th, 2009 at 8:33 am
fantastic
January 7th, 2009 at 11:05 pm
Yes.
January 9th, 2009 at 2:13 am
Christian humor: I'm trying to to an interview for the biography/ autobiography for the book
"The bible, the inspired word of God" I tried to google him after I got his real name and aliases. I tracked down and found lots of satellite offices all over the world.
Everyone was very helpful, I went into a few and asked if he was here, I was told yes absolutely ! I did as they asked and I took a seat. I waited , but he never showed up, I sat there and heard many people talk about his book but again I never caught him showing up, boy even Billy Graham is easier to get in touch with!
Some offered to take a message and promised it would get to him. I was told he checks in from time to time.
I thought I would read his book and see if there were any clues as to where his house was.
This is what I found out,
Lets see there are 365 days in one earth year, and if 1000 years to us is a day to God. Then that means: The earth in 365 days travels 584 million miles . so 584 X 1000 years=
584 billion miles is Gods circumference he must cover in one year if his orbit was as fast as ours, his diameter of his obit would be from one side to the other is about 185. billion miles, and the radius, if the sun was the center would be about 92 billion miles from the sun.
That would make one of his days equal to 1000 of our years. Sounds right? Maybe I'm just guessing. That would make Sedna Gods Home area, but its orbit is 10,000 years for one of ours. So I must have forgotten something..hum? that means 365,000 years is needed for 365 of our days. so that one day is a thousand, right? so we will divide 365,000 years by 10,000 and we get 36.5 X 92 billion miles and we get 3.358 trillion miles as his radius and 6.716 trillion miles would be his diameter to travel from one side of his orbit to the other. He would have to travel about 21 trillion (circumference) miles to do one orbit around a sun. so It would still take us a half a light year to get to God's place, right? Nope he could be anywhere.
What if his orbit goes around, lets say Alpha Centauri? or any other star/sun in the universe..I guess he was just trying to make a comparison..Oh well, at least I know his aproximate orbit he needs to have around a sun to to equal 1000 of our years to 1 of his days.. Now I just have to narrow it down to the billions of solar systems in the universe.. Hey I have an idea to narrow it down! I need to find a sun bright enough to warm a planet that has a 365,000 year orbit. We were made in his image, so I guess we can assume he is warm blooded like us.
back to the drawing board..He could be anywhere..
I looked for him once again and tried some star maps. Still no address found? However, I did find some of his neighbors, I thought.
Background of new info:
Sedna's:, but it is calculated at between 10.5 and 12.0 thousand years to orbit the sun.
Eris ( new dwarf planet) takes 557 years to orbit the Sun,
I tried again to Google Gods location with information of places between Sedna and Eris, but they have not found his house yet.
I will keep trying! I'm sure he will send me a reply, I guess he wants to remain mysterious. Maybe he has been looking over my shoulder all the time. I think that address clue he gave was a red herring. I was told to try Red Antares it is only 600 light-years away..Now that is way out of the way! I sure don't have that much gas money…I'm sure he is not there.
I found out the government is looking for him to, they sent a rocket named New Horizons to go and find his address out near some Kuiper belt.
( I wonder if his tax exemption has to be verified?) oh well,
I'm sure if I catch up with him and get the interview, I will get the Pulitzer! I will keep you updated.
He seems to be going around and doing good things for people in secret. Maybe I will check with some of them and see if they know where I could find him
January 9th, 2009 at 2:47 am
Here is my question to the above information,
Could the whole universe be the mass like the sun to us as it is to his domain? Meaning , could his domain could be like Mercury to the universe? Could his domain travel around the universe at a higher rate of speed? Making his rotation last 365,000 years? If you added all the mass in the universe what would be the gravitational pull to it, and at what distance to the universe would his domain have to be?
Doe that question make any sense?
I guess that is an enigma.
January 9th, 2009 at 3:29 am
The scale is the enigma,
If the universe was 88 million light year round?
and the diameter was 28 million light years wide
and the radius was 14 million light years to the center.
how fast would he have to travel to orbit the universe, if 1 day to him is 1000 years to us
January 13th, 2009 at 7:16 am
Omg how is our poor planet big , a last star is too big and i hope it will not be our sun
January 15th, 2009 at 7:25 pm
interesting facts
February 1st, 2009 at 7:58 pm
Can you provide more details on this?
February 2nd, 2009 at 1:56 am
nice web
February 10th, 2009 at 1:08 am
top3dancer@yahoo.com
February 22nd, 2009 at 2:59 am
i think the biggest star is the Etacarinae Hmmmm! who knows, may be one day you'll find it. anyway good luck with it!
February 22nd, 2009 at 3:02 am
may i known which is the largest planet in the whole universe?
February 23rd, 2009 at 5:06 pm
According to google pictures, Tom Cruise is the biggest star known to man.
February 26th, 2009 at 3:06 am
Tom Cruise is washed up, and has been for like 10 years. Biggest star my a$$. He's 59 years old! Dude, I'm sorry, but that is washed up when you're trying to play action heroes.
March 1st, 2009 at 8:13 am
what is the biggest star may found in the universe
March 12th, 2009 at 5:37 pm
I tried multiple times from multiple directions and the program would not run. It starts to load and gets as far as 1 minute 29 seconds of the loading process and freezes there. From every time and every direction it stops and freezes in the same place.
March 13th, 2009 at 6:37 am
hi WOW!
March 13th, 2009 at 6:38 am
the biggest star!
March 13th, 2009 at 7:13 am
i think is the biggest is the vy canis majoris or
eta carinae isthe hottest
March 13th, 2009 at 10:33 pm
i think is the hottest is the eta carinae and the biggest is the vy canis majoris
March 23rd, 2009 at 2:54 am
eSPn6b yudnurglfbli, [url=http://tiibbtwvfcee.com/]tiibbtwvfcee[/url], [link=http://rkooipsgytbo.com/]rkooipsgytbo[/link], http://qtgnzsycfspv.com/
March 27th, 2009 at 2:12 am
Is their a bus route :O)
March 31st, 2009 at 3:05 pm
what's the gravitational force of VW canis majoris. I'm 15 stone (95kg) so how heavy would I be if it where possible to live on the sun's "surface?
April 2nd, 2009 at 9:02 am
i think the biggest star is w cephei ?? :]
April 7th, 2009 at 8:35 am
The largest star is the Epsilon Auigae, to compare the size, the sun would be a milk cap and the E. Euigae would be the size of the football field.
MUCH bigger than your picture….
April 7th, 2009 at 8:35 am
typo, E. Auigaue***
April 7th, 2009 at 5:07 pm
can I buy the dvd of the precentation