Cassini Saw Rain Falling at Titan’s North Pole

The Cassini mission to Saturn ended in September 2017, but the data it gathered during its 13 year mission is still yielding scientific results. On the heels of a newly-released global image of Saturn’s moon Titan comes another discovery: Rainfall at Titan’s north pole.

Climate models developed by scientists during Cassini’s mission concluded that rain should fall in the north during Titan’s summer. But scientists hadn’t seen any clouds. Now, a team of scientists have published a paper centered on Cassini images that show light reflecting off a wet surface. They make the case that the reflecting light, called a Bright Ephemeral Flare (BEF) is sunlight reflecting from newly-fallen rain.

The rain on Titan is like no rain here on Earth. Titan is a frigid place, and the only thing that falls from the sky is methane. But it’s still an intriguing discovery. It confirms what scientists expected to see after seeing rainfall on Titan’s south pole during that region’s summer in 2004. Also, Titan is the only Moon in our Solar System with any substantial atmosphere, so seeing it rain there is a unique event in the Solar System.


“The whole Titan community has been looking forward to seeing clouds and rains on Titan’s north pole…”


Rajani Dhingra, doctoral student in physics at the University of Idaho, and lead author of the study.

Discovering and quantifying seasonal changes at Titan was one of Cassini’s mission objectives. Titan is an intriguing object of study because it has seasonal flows of liquids on its surface, like Earth does.

In their paper, the scientists present a series of images from Cassini’s VIMS (Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer) that show the appearance, then the disappearance, probably due to evaporation, of a BEF (Bright Ephemeral Feature.) The BEF is sunlight glinting off a wet surface feature.

This image, called T120, was captured by Cassini's VIMS in June 2016. The BEF (Bright Ephemeral Feature) is highlighted in the yellow box. A subsequent image (not shown here) taken a year later, shows the disappearance of the BEF. Image Credit: NASA/ESA/ASI/Cassini.
This image, called T120, was captured by Cassini’s VIMS in June 2016. The BEF (Bright Ephemeral Feature) is highlighted in the yellow box. Image Credit: NASA/ESA/ASI/Cassini.
This image, called T121, was captured one year after T120 by the same Cassini instrument, the VIMS. In this image, the BEF has disappeared. Image Credit: NASA/ESA/ASI/Cassini.

“The whole Titan community has been looking forward to seeing clouds and rains on Titan’s north pole, indicating the start of the northern summer, but despite what the climate models had predicted, we weren’t even seeing any clouds,” said Rajani Dhingra, a doctoral student in physics at the University of Idaho in Moscow, and lead author of the new study accepted for publication in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. 

This is a zoomed-in and annotated image of Titan’s north pole. The black dot is the north pole. Image Credit: NASA/ESA/ASI/Cassini/Dhingra et. al. 2019.

The rainfall marks the beginning of summer at Titan’s north pole. On Titan, the seasons last about seven Earth years. When Cassini arrived at Titan in 2004, it was summer at the south pole. At that time, the Sun was heating Titan’s south pole, causing methane to evaporate and condense.

Titan’s south pole is drier than the north. A Cassini image of the south pole region shows only two lakes, while the north pole region has dozens of lakes. This led scientists to believe that if there’s clouds and rain at the relatively dry south, the north pole, with its abundance of liquid methane, must have clouds and rainfall during its summer, too.

This Cassini RADAR image of Titan' south pole covers a swath 760 km long by 150 km wide. It shows only two lakes. After scientists spotted rainfall and clouds at the south pole, they thought that the north pole, with dozens of lakes, must have even more clouds and rainfall. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-CalTech
This Cassini RADAR image of Titan’ south pole covers a swath 760 km long by 150 km wide. It shows only two lakes. After scientists spotted rainfall and clouds at the south pole, they thought that the north pole, with dozens of lakes, must have even more clouds and rainfall. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Cassini RADAR image of Titan's north pole. The north pole has an abundance of lakes of liquid hydrocarbons. Kraken Mare is at lower left. Ligeia Mare is below the pole, and to the left of the pole is Punga Mare. By NASA / JPL-Caltech / Agenzia Spaziale Italiana / USGS
Cassini RADAR image of Titan’s north pole. The north pole has an abundance of lakes of liquid hydrocarbons. Kraken Mare is at lower left. Ligeia Mare is below the pole, and to the left of the pole is Punga Mare. By NASA / JPL-Caltech / Agenzia Spaziale Italiana / USGS

After finding rain at the south pole in 2004, scientists created climate models of Titan that said similar weather would occur at the north pole in the years leading up to the summer solstice, in 2017. But 2016 came and went, and there was still no sign of the expected weather.

Images as presented in the study. (A) was taken in 2014 and shows no BEF. (B) was taken in June 2016 and shows the appearance of the BEF. (C) was taken one month later, in July 2016 and shows the disappearance of the BEF. (D) is a labelled image of the region. (E) and (F) are Earthly analogues of the types of reflection Cassini spotted on Titan. Image Credit: NASA/ESA/ASI/Dhingra et. al. 2019.
Images as presented in the study. (A) was taken in 2014 and shows no BEF. (B) was taken in June 2016 and shows the appearance of the BEF. (C) was taken one month later, in July 2016 and shows the disappearance of the BEF. (D) is a labelled image of the region. (E) and (F) are Earthly analogues of the types of reflection Cassini spotted on Titan. Image Credit: NASA/ESA/ASI/Dhingra et. al. 2019.

With this discovery, it looks like summer has finally arrived at Titan’s north pole. Scientists are hopeful that finally seeing it there will help them build a more complete model of the climate on one of our Solar System’s most interesting worlds.

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