Ready for one more? While all eyes are still following Comet 21/P Giacobini-Zinner as it glides through northern hemisphere skies, we’d like to turn your attention towards another icy interloper: periodic Comet 38P Stephan-Oterma.
On a 37.7 year orbit, Comet 38P Stephan-Oterma last reached perihelion on December 5th, 1980. The comet ranges from a perihelion of 1.57 Astronomical Units (AU) just outside of the orbit of Mars, to an aphelion of 20.9 AU, near the orbit of Uranus. In fact, if 38P wasn’t a comet, it would fall into the class of Centaur-like asteroids.
A short-period comet comet (the “P” designation at the front of the comet’s name) is simply a comet with an orbital period shorter than 200 years. The first comet on the list 1/P Halley is the most famous of them all, and 2/P Encke has the shortest known orbital period for a comet, at just over three years. 374 short period comets are known thus far.
The Comet that would become 38P was first noticed by Jèrome Eugène Coggia on the night of January 23rd, 1867 observing from the Marseilles Observatory in France using an 80-cm reflecting telescope. Unfortunately, Coggia misidentified the faint smudge as an uncatalogued nebula, and missed the discovery. On the next clear evening, astronomer E.J.M. Stephan also at Marseilles noted the same smudge had moved into the constellation Aries.
Why the name? Well, the comet would remain lost for nearly a century, until Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma recovered it as a +13th magnitude smudge on the night of November 6th, 1942.
The 2018 apparition of Comet 38P is one of two close approaches of the comet to the Earth for the 21st century, and won’t be topped until November 3rd, 2056 at 0.7 AU distant. The last close pass was 0.63 AU on December 7th, 1942.
Comet 38P: A Blow by Blow for 2018
Unfortunately, Comet 38P won’t attain a brightness of higher than +8 to +9 magnitude (unless of course, it undergoes a wildcard outburst). The comet spends the first half of October as an early morning object in Orion, before vaulting up through Gemini into the Lynx and becoming a late night object. Comet 38P should remain well placed for northern hemisphere observers through to New Year’s Day 2019, when the comet may drop back down below binocular visibility at +10th magnitude.
Here are some key dates to watch for:
October
6- Passes near (less than one degree) the +4.4 magnitude star Chi Orionis.
10-Crosses the galactic plane northward.
11-Crosses into the astronomical constellation of Gemini.
16-Passes near (less than one degree) the +1.9 magnitude star Alhena.
30-The waning gibbous Moon passes 2 degrees north of the comet.
November
7-Photo-op: passes 20′ from the Eskimo Nebula NGC 2392.
7-Reaches perihelion, at 1.577 AU from the Sun.
11-Crosses the ecliptic plane northward.
23-Crosses into the astronomical constellation of Cancer
December
12-Crosses into the constellation of the Lynx.
18- Passes closest to the Earth, at 0.771 AU distant.
January
1- Drops back down below +10th magnitude?
At above +10th magnitude for the next few weeks, you should be able to spot Comet 38P with binoculars under dark skies, though of course, a telescope with a generous field of view will help. Start by sweeping the suspect star field, looking for that one tiny fuzzball that refuses to snap into focus. Follow that fuzzball for a few hours or more, and you’ll see the tell tale movements of a comet.
Good luck, and clear skies!
Read all about observing and discovering comets in our new book, The Universe Today Ultimate Guide to Observing the Cosmos, out on October 23rd, now up for pre-order.