Universe Today

Cosmic Rays from Mysterious Source Bombarding Earth

Nancy Atkinson — Wed, 19 Nov 2008 22:40:25 +0000

Artists impression of cosmic rays. Credit: NASA

Scientists have discovered an unidentified source of high-energy cosmic rays bombarding Earth from space. They say it must be close to the solar system and it could be made of dark matter. "This is a big discovery," says John Wefel of Louisiana State University and Principal Investigator for ATIC, Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter, a NASA funded balloon-borne instrument high over Antarctica. "It's the first time we've seen a discrete source of accelerated cosmic rays standing out from the general galactic background."
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Where In The Universe #30

Nancy Atkinson — Wed, 19 Nov 2008 18:40:54 +0000

It's time once again for the Where In The Universe Challenge. Hard to believe we've done thirty of these already, and our readers are getting really good at this. The goal of the WITU challenge is to test your skills and visual knowledge of our universe. Guess where this image is from, and give yourself extra points if you can guess which spacecraft is responsible for the image. Mull over the image, make your guess and post a comment if you're brave enough. Check back tomorrow at this same post to find the answer and see how you did. Good luck!

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Lost in Space: Tool Bag Overboard, Spider Missing

Nancy Atkinson — Wed, 19 Nov 2008 16:43:03 +0000

A tool bag floated away in space as spacewalking astronauts worked outside the International Space Station Tuesday. Heide Stefanyshyn-Piper had a grease gun explode inside her tool bag, getting the dark gray goop all over a camera, the inside of the bag, and her gloves. While she was trying to clean it up, the whole bag floated away. "Oh, great," Piper said. It was one of the largest items ever to be lost by a spacewalker. Lost were two grease guns, needed to clean and lube the jammed Solar Alpha Rotary Joint for the space station's solar arrays. Flight director Ginger Kerrick said the bag and also an errant screw that also floated past that spacewalkers posed no hazards to the ISS or shuttle. By late Tuesday, the bag was already well away from the complex, about 2.5 miles (4 km) in front of the shuttle-station complex. The rest of the spacewalk went well, as the Piper and her partner Stephen Bowen shared tools and accomplished all the planned objectives. Mission planners are studying options for replacing, or doing without, two grease guns lost.

Also lost is one of two spiders on board a special experiment…
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Comments for 2012: No Planet X

Fraser Cain — Wed, 19 Nov 2008 16:10:33 +0000

Because of the huge number of comments on this article, it was slowing down the server. I've created a separate thread here where people can continue their discussions on the story.

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NASA and Google Successfully Test Deep Space Internet

Nancy Atkinson — Wed, 19 Nov 2008 13:56:20 +0000

Interplanetary Internet concept.

Communication with spacecraft is vital for NASA, and since the World Wide Web has enabled easy, reliable and quick contact for people around the world, the space agency decided to model a new deep space communication system on the internet. A month-long test of this "Interplanetary Internet" was successfully conducted by transmitting dozens of images to and from the EPOXI spacecraft, now about 20 million miles from Earth. The system uses software called Disruption-Tolerant Networking, or DTN created by a partnership between NASA and Google vice president Vint Cerf. "This is the first step in creating a totally new space communications capability, an interplanetary Internet," said Adrian Hooke, team lead and manager of space-networking architecture, technology and standards at NASA Headquarters in Washington.
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New Telescope on the Lookout for Near Earth Asteroids, Comets

Nancy Atkinson — Tue, 18 Nov 2008 22:23:10 +0000

A prototype telescope with an enhanced ability to find moving objects will soon be operational, and its mission will be to detect asteroids and comets that could someday pose a threat to Earth. The system is called Pan-STARRS (for Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System) located on Haleakala mountain in Maui,Hawaii, and is the first of four telescopes that will be housed together in one dome. Pan-STARRS will feature the world's largest and most advanced digital camera, providing more than a fivefold improvement in the ability to detect Near Earth Asteroids and comets. "This is a truly giant instrument," said University of Hawaii astronomer John Tonry, who led the team developing the new 1.4-gigapixel camera. "We get an image that is 38,000 by 38,000 pixels in size, or about 200 times larger than you get in a high-end consumer digital camera." The Pan-STARRS camera will cover an area of sky six times the width of the full moon and it can detect stars 10 million times fainter than those visible to the naked eye.
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Black Holes Supply Lifeblood for Galaxies

Nancy Atkinson — Tue, 18 Nov 2008 20:08:48 +0000

Chandra X-ray image of M84. Credit: X-ray (NASA/CXC/MPE/A.Finoguenov et al.); Radio (NSF/NRAO/VLA/ESO/R.A.Laing et al); Optical (SDSS)

Obviously, today is the day for news on black holes. While one group of astronomers studied the violent flares of energy sent out by black holes in the near infrared and submillimeter wavelengths, another group used the Chandra X-Ray Observatory to see how black holes can pump energy in a gentler and rhythmic fashion, rather than violently. These scientists say the powerful black holes at the center of massive galaxies act as hearts to the systems, pumping energy out at regular intervals to regulate the growth of the black holes themselves, as well as star formation. “Just like our hearts periodically pump our circulatory systems to keep us alive, black holes give galaxies a vital warm component. They are a careful creation of nature, allowing a galaxy to maintain a fragile equilibrium,” said Alexis Finoguenov, of the Max-Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany.
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Milky Way's Black Hole Sending Out Flares

Nancy Atkinson — Tue, 18 Nov 2008 19:17:02 +0000

Left: Submillimetre and infrared view of the Galactic Centre Right: Flares from the disk of material surrounding the black hole Sagittarius A*. Credit: ESO/APEX/2MASS/A. Eckart et al. , ESO/L. Calçada

Two different telescopes simultaneously observed violent flares from the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way. The outbursts from this region, known as Sagittarius A*, reveal material being stretched like bread dough out as it orbits in the intense gravity close to the central black hole. Using ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) and the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope, both in Chile, to study light from Sagittarius A* at near-infrared wavelengths and the longer submillimeter wavelengths, astronomers have for the first time concurrently caught a flare with these telescopes. "Observations like this, over a range of wavelengths, are really the only way to understand what's going on close to the black hole," says Andreas Eckart of the University of Cologne, who led the team.
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Evidence For Vast Oceans On Ancient Mars

Nancy Atkinson — Mon, 17 Nov 2008 22:01:56 +0000

Data from the Mars Odyssey orbiter's Gamma Ray Spectrometer provides new evidence for the controversial idea that oceans once covered about a third of ancient Mars. Spacecraft images going back to Mariner 9 in the early 1970s and the Viking orbiters and landers later in the 1970s up to the current orbiters and rovers have showed widespread evidence for a watery past for Mars. About 20 years ago, several studies sparked a scientific debate on the possible existence of ancient Martian oceans marked by visible shorelines. Images and topographic maps provide evidence for two different oceans in one area, perhaps occuring at different times in Mars history, a larger one at an earlier time, and a smaller once existing later. Odyssey's GRS can detect subsurface elements, and new data confirms the right combination of elements for two ancient shorelines.
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Mars Rover Spirit Surviving on a Low Energy Diet

Ian O'Neill — Mon, 17 Nov 2008 10:21:20 +0000

Spirit overlooking Gusev Crater (NASA artist impression)

Last week, Mars Exploration Rover Spirit looked as if its sols were numbered. Hot on the heals of the demise of the frozen Phoenix lander, Spirit was about to succumb to a low-energy death brought on by a dust storm. The build-up of dust on the rover's solar panels were already causing a serious problem, but as a storm raged over Gusev Crater, power output from the panels slumped to an all-time low. As Nancy reported on November 11th, mission controllers were forced to switch Spirit into a low-energy state, leaving them with no other choice but to command the robot to be silent. Although tensions were high, Spirit broke the silence last Thursday.

Now NASA controllers are working hard to manage Spirit's power production, hopefully extending the life of the highly successful rover longer still…
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NASA Aids California Wildfire Fight: An Opinion from the Smoke

Ian O'Neill — Sun, 16 Nov 2008 10:59:25 +0000

Santa Ana wind-fuelled wildfires on October 13th in the San Fernando valley, north of Los Angeles. NASA's Aqua satellite captured this image (NASA)

This morning at 5:30am, I woke up to the smell of smoke. It's one of those horrid, gut-wrenching feelings for anyone as your mind jumps from "did I leave the oven on?" to "oh no, it's our turn." The latter thought is probably one that everyone living near summer-dried woodland in California thinks on waking to the smell of smoke. And in the San Fernando Valley, we've had one or two scares this year.

The advance of the wildfires can be very fast. A view of the Santa Barbara fire (Tynan Daniels/CNN)

My wife and I live in Woodland Hills, about 20 minutes from Los Angeles, and before I moved to the US Deb warned me, "there might be a chance that we'll get affected by a wildfire at the new house." Coming from the UK, where the worst thing I've experienced was a flood (one of those car-floating floods the British countryside does so well), it was a little unnerving that I was moving to Southern California where I'd already experienced an earthquake and seen the damage caused by wildfires first-hand. It's little wonder my family are constantly texting me asking "is everything OK?"

This time, it wasn't "our turn" as we live on the south-west side of the valley. But late last night, hundreds of families weren't so lucky and had to be evacuated from their homes as fires raged along the northern edge of the LA County line up to Santa Barbara…
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Launch of Endeavour Lights Up the Night

Nancy Atkinson — Sat, 15 Nov 2008 02:09:57 +0000

Endeavour's launch. Credit: NASA

With a waning gibbous moon hanging over the launch pad, Space Shuttle Endeavour lit up the night sky with a spectacular and gorgeous liftoff, right on time at 7:55 EST. Endeavour is carrying a load of equipment for a "home improvement project" for the International Space Station. Included on board are a urine recycling system, a new toilet, a new galley and additional crew accommodations to enable an expanded ISS crew. Next year the station will be home to six astronauts instead of the current three, allowing scientific research to move to the forefront of ISS operations. Just before launch Commander Chris Ferguson radioed to Mission Control, "It's our turn to take home improvement to a new level after 10 years of international space station construction," Ferguson replied. "Endeavour's ready to go."

The launch was so spectacular that I'll post more pictures of the launch as they become available. See below for a great ET separation image. And check out Spacewriter's Ramblings for some screenshots she took of the events. And yes, we Twittered to each other!

Just a few minutes before scheduled launch, it looked like there might be a problem that could cause a launch scrub…
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Student Built Agricultural Camera Heading to the Space Station

Nancy Atkinson — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 22:42:13 +0000

AgCam. Credit: NASA

A new camera that will assist farmers, ranchers, foresters and educators is heading to the International Space Station. Students and faculty from the University of North Dakota built the Agricultural Camera, known as AgCam, which will be delivered by Space Shuttle Endeavour on the STS-126 mission to the ISS. The astronauts will install the system on the station but once its set up, students will control the camera remotely, sending commands from the Operations Center at UND. AgCam will take images in visible and infrared light of growing crops, rangeland, grasslands, forests and wetlands in the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions. "The beauty of the AgCam is the combination of features it has to provide important data to a wide variety of people", George Seielstad, the director of AgCam at told Universe Today. "Plus, students have the opportunity to do real engineering and provide valuable data to protect our environment."
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Listen in on Communications for Today's Space Shuttle Launch

Nancy Atkinson — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:25:52 +0000

STS-126. Credit: NASA

Just a reminder of this evening's launch of Space Shuttle Endeavour. And this time, NASA is trying something new. During the countdown you can listen in to live audio of communications between launch controllers and the shuttle, something that is not normally done. NASA Television will provide a continuous "clean video feed" on its Media Channel of space shuttle Endeavour in the hours before its 7:55 p.m. EST liftoff today, Nov. 14. This means there won't be the regular commentary, just the communications audio, beginning at 2:30 pm EST on the Media Channel. If you have satellite television, check your channel listings. To watch online, go here, and choose the Media Channel. And if you'd rather listen to the regular commentary, just go to the regular Public NASA TV channel. Or watch SpaceVidCast on UStream, if you prefer where you can text chat with other viewers…
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Moon Impact Probe Hits Paydirt (or pay-regolith…)

Nancy Atkinson — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:46:10 +0000

The lunar impactor from the Chandrayaan-1 mission today successfully made it to the surface of the moon, impacting inside the Shackleton crater on the moon's south pole. Above is an image transmitted back by the 34 kg box-shaped MIP (Moon Impact Probe) before it slammed into the moon. Incoming!!! The MIP carried three instruments, and data was successfully transmitted from the 25-minute descent of the probe after it was ejected from the orbiting Chandrayaan-1. The impact, however caused a cessation of the instruments' transmissions, but not before providing useful descent data. The ISRO has already released a couple of images.
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Weekend SkyWatcher's Forecast - November 14-16, 2008

Tammy Plotner — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:24:09 +0000

Greetings, fellow SkyWatchers! Are you ready for one terrific weekend? Although the Moon will interfere, one of the year's best meteor showers is about to happen - the Leonids. Will it be the super-storm that produced thousands of meteors as it did a few years ago? Don't hold your breath - but chances are very good you'll spot more than one meteor for just spending a little bit of time observing. For those who enjoy using small telescopes and binoculars, it's time to rock with the Queen as we take a look around in Cassiopeia, too. Are you ready to rock the night? Then let's go…. (...)
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New NASA, New Administrator Under Obama?

Nancy Atkinson — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 17:15:56 +0000

NASA appears to be in the position of being a priority for our new president, somewhat of a rarity. So what can NASA expect under the Obama administration? NASA administrator Mike Griffin met with employees at the Kennedy Space Center on Thursday where workers asked if he would continue as administrator under the new president. “If the next president asks me to continue I would be happy to do it,” said Griffin, “But, I doubt that will happen.” However, if asked to stay, he would only if the Obama White House didn’t interfere with the direction NASA is going (presumably he meant the Constellation program and returning to the moon), and didn’t try to force any personnel on him. He also spoke out against extending the shuttle or using EELV rockets to transport humans to space instead of NASA's current Ares I rocket design.“If somebody wanted me to stay on but said, ‘No, we need to go over here,’ well,” he said with a shrug, “do it with somebody else.” What else can NASA expect with the new presidential administration?
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New Insights on Magnetars

Nancy Atkinson — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 14:05:19 +0000

Neutron stars are leftovers of massive stars (10-50 times as massive as our Sun) that have collapsed under their own weight. Most are only about 20 km in diameter, but they are so compact that a teaspoon of neutron star stuff would weigh about one hundred million tons. Two other physical properties characterize a neutron star: their fast rotation and strong magnetic field. Magnetars form a class of neutron stars with ultra-strong magnetic fields, approximately a thousand times stronger than that of ordinary neutron stars, making them the strongest known magnets in the cosmos. But astronomers have been unsure exactly why magnetars shine in X-rays. Data from ESA’s XMM-Newton and Integral orbiting observatories are being used to test, for the first time, the X-ray properties of magnetars.
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Man Facing 15 Year Jail Term for Ripping Off NASA, Endangering Shuttle Crew

Ian O'Neill — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 04:59:41 +0000

The payload bay in shuttle Discovery (NASA)

Oh dear. This is a tough lesson in "don't sell NASA defective goods!"

It would appear that even NASA suffers from common infliction of shoddy contractors. Have you ever hired a plumber to find the leaking got worse? Have you hired a landscaping company who accidentally ripped up your prize hydrangeas? Have you purchased a passive flight releasable attachment mechanism interface plate only to find it had been damaged just before you attached it to your spaceship? Well, you've probably hired a dodgy plumber (possibly called Joe) or an unreliable gardener at some point, but these contractor problems pale into insignificance when compared with the life-or-death products sub-contractors produce for the US space agency.

It would appear that one such contractor, a 60 year old man from a space manufacturing company near Houston, attempted to pass a small, yet critical, part for NASA to fly on board Endeavour back in March this year. Unfortunately it was defective, possibly endangering the crew of the shuttle, and now he's in for the high-jump after attempting a cover-up…
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Mars Rover Contact Reestablished, Spirit is Alive!

Ian O'Neill — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 02:14:42 +0000

Relieved. MER Spirit (NASA)

Just when we were growing concerned that we might be losing two Mars surface missions within a week of each other, it turns out Mars Exploration Rover Spirit has survived its recent run-in with a Sun-dimming dust storm. On Tuesday, Nancy reported that Spirit had generated a record low power output from its solar panels, indicating the storm could drive Spirit's energy levels to a point where an emergency fail-safe would switch the wheeled robot into a sunlight-deprived coma. Mission controllers sent Spirit commands to shut down non-essential instrumentation and instructed it not to communicate with NASA until today.

It would appear the rugged rover weathered the storm, expertly avoided a low-power fault and after four days of silence, sent the signal to NASA just as it was told to do. What an incredible little robot…
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Rescued Moon Photos Restored to Unprecedented Detail

Nancy Atkinson — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 02:07:22 +0000

Restored Earthrise. Credit: MoonViews.com

Earlier this week we had a story about old data from the Apollo missions that could potentially be lost if an "antique" computer from the 1960's can't be renovated. But now comes good news about more old data which has actually been restored and enhanced to an exceedingly high quality. Some of the first ever close-up images of the lunar landscape have been given new life, rivaling the images being taken by today's high definition cameras. NASA and some private space business leaders spent a quarter million dollars rescuing the historic photos from early NASA lunar robotic probes and restoring them in an abandoned McDonald's. The first refurbished image was released Thursday, a 42-year old classic image of the moon with Earth rising in the background.
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Hubble Takes First Visible Light Image of Extrasolar Planet

Nancy Atkinson — Thu, 13 Nov 2008 19:50:00 +0000

Fomalhaut and orbiting planet. Credit: NASA, ESA and P. Kalas (University of California, Berkeley, USA)

Persistence has paid off for astronomer Paul Kalas. After eight years and taking repeated photographs with the Hubble Space Telescope of a nearby star, he finally has what he and many astronomers have been striving for: the first visible-light snapshot of a planet outside our solar system. This coincides with the announcement of the first time astronomers have taken pictures of another multi-planet solar system, using the Gemini and Keck Telescopes. Kalas has been studying the star Fomalhaut, located about 25 light years from Earth, for several years. He knew the planet was there, because its perturbations were evident in the ring of gas and dust surrounding the star. The planet is probably close to the mass of Jupiter, and it orbits Fomalhaut at a distance about four times that between Neptune and the sun. Formally known as Fomalhaut b, the planet could have a ring system about the dimension of Jupiter's early rings, before the dust and debris coalesced into the four Galilean moons. Learn more in the video below…
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First Image of Another Multi-Planet Solar System

Nancy Atkinson — Thu, 13 Nov 2008 19:35:16 +0000

Here's what we've all been waiting for: for the first time, astronomers have taken pictures of a multi-planet solar system, much like ours, orbiting another star. This coincides with announcement of the first visible light image of an extrasolar planet taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. This new solar system orbits a dusty young star named HR8799, which is 140 light years away and about 1.5 times the size of our sun. Three planets, roughly 10, 10 and 7 times the mass of Jupiter, orbit the star. The size of the planets decreases with distance from the parent star, much like the giant planets do in our system. And there may be more planets out there, but scientists say they just haven't seen them yet.

"We've been trying to image planets for eight years with no luck and now we have pictures of three planets at once," said Bruce Macintosh, an astrophysicist from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
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Cassini Finds New Mysterious Infrared Aurora

Nancy Atkinson — Wed, 12 Nov 2008 18:17:35 +0000

An infrared camera aboard NASA's Cassini spacecraft has discovered a unique aurora lighting up Saturn's polar cap. The mysterious new aurora is unlike any other known in our solar system. "We've never seen an aurora like this elsewhere," said Tom Stallard, an RCUK Academic Fellow working with Cassini data at the University of Leicester. Stallard is lead author of a paper released today (13th
November) in the journal Nature. "It's not just a ring of aurorae like those we've seen at Jupiter or Earth. This one covers an enormous area across the pole. Our current ideas on what forms Saturn's aurorae predict that this region should be empty, so finding such a bright one here is a fantastic surprise."
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Less Than 20 Years Until First Contact?

Nancy Atkinson — Wed, 12 Nov 2008 17:01:25 +0000

The Allen Telescope Array (ATA) has come online with its initial configuration of 42 antennas. The project, led by the SETI Institute, is a non-governmental project funded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen in which eventually 350 small radio antennas will scan the sky for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence. To test the system, the ATA sucessfully picked up the New Horizons probe on its way to Pluto. Senior SETI scientist Seth Shostak said at an event in San Francisco Tuesday night that the array could become strong enough by 2025 to look deep enough into space to find extraterrestrial signals. "We'll find E.T. within two dozen years," he said.
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