Was the Tunguska Fireball a Comet Chemical Bomb?

by Ian O'Neill on March 27, 2009

It was an energetic event that occurred over Tunguska, but what caused it? (Don Davis)

It was an energetic event that occurred over Tunguska, but what caused it? (Don Davis)

Over a century ago, on June 30th, 1908 a huge explosion detonated over an unpopulated region of Russia called Tunguska. It is probably one of the most enduring mysteries of this planet. What could cause such a huge explosion in the atmosphere, with the energy of a thousand Hiroshima atomic bombs, flattening a forest the area of Luxembourg and yet leaving no crater? It is little wonder that the Tunguska event has become great material for science fiction writers; how could such a huge blast, that shook the Earth’s magnetic field and lit up the Northern Hemisphere skies for three days leave no crater and just a bunch of flattened, scorched trees?

Although there are many theories as to how the Tunguska event may have unfolded, scientists are still divided over what kind of object could have hit the Earth from space. Now a Russian scientist believes he has uncovered the best answer yet. The Earth was glanced by a large comet, that skipped off the upper atmosphere, dropping a chunk of comet material as it did so. As the comet chunk heated up as it dropped through the atmosphere, the material, packed with volatile chemicals, exploded as the biggest chemical explosion mankind had ever seen…

12,000 years ago, a large object smashed into North America, causing global destruction. Dust and ash was released into the atmosphere, triggering global cooling and possibly causing the extinction of a number of large mammals around this time. The Tunguska event was of a similar energy to that catastrophic impact, but fortunately for us, Tunguska had a benign effect on the world. It simply exploded high in the atmosphere, flattened a region of Russia and vaporized.

Significantly, the energy of the chemical explosion is substantially lower than the kinetic energy of the body,” says Edward Drobyshevski of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg, who has published his research into the Tunguska event. The fact that the Tunguska explosion energy is lower than what is expected of the kinetic energy of an object that hit the Earth from space is key to his work. Drobyshevski therefore concludes that the event must have been caused not by an asteroid or whole comet, it was actually caused by a fragment of comet material that fell off as the main cometary body skipped off the Earth’s upper atmosphere. This means that the Earth was hit on a tangent and the fragment dropped comparatively slowly toward the surface.

Sounds reasonable so far, but how did the fragment explode? Using our new understanding as to what chemicals comets contain, Drobyshevski surmises the fragment was rich in hydrogen peroxide. This is where the magic happened. The explosion was not due to a rapid release of kinetic energy, it was in fact a hydrogen peroxide bomb. As the fragment descended, it heated up. As the reactive chemicals in the material got hot, they explosively disassociated to form oxygen and water, ripping the fragment apart. The Tunguska event was therefore a huge chemical bomb and not a “regular” comet-hits-Earth impact.

An interesting study. Not content with dropping asteroids on our planet, the Universe has started throwing hydrogen peroxide explosives at us too. Whatever next?

Source: The Physics arXiv Blog

  • star-grazer

    I’ve read books in the past about this event=the scientist witness enough people over a 20-30 year period to have a good enough description of the trajectory before detonation. The power was about 40megatons, to compare, the US exploded a 15MT warhead and the Soviets 58MT in 1963.
    It was very fortunate this event happened in a very remote, few people involved area. Lets hope the next one doesn’t hit a highly populated area. The size of this object would have been impossilbe to be noticed or tracked by technology of the time, and it happened during daylight hours-today if there’s an object of this size coming from the direction of the Sun and near zero albedo, it will be for all intends and purpose, not be found before detonation!!! This comet/asteroid that hit in 1908 caused more damage over a wider area than the larger 58MT Soviet warhead will do, because it was rather fragile and had a much wider air-burst
    fireball because the fragments was spread out before detonation. The 58MT Soviet warhead is merely a point-blast fireball,although extemely powerful!! There are some scientist and astronomers who believes these events-whether air=burst or ground blast, may happen 1-2 times per century as we now are far more aware of the dangers and the population is much more than in 1908. These objects, should they come from the direction of the Sun and be near zero albedo, will probably not be noticed until it hits!!!! These objects, although having the potential to destroy a large city, are probably too small to find with current technology!!!!!

  • star-grazer

    If anyone had followed the nuclear arms race between the US and the Soviet Union, it was found the hugh warheads were of deminishing returns. A 1MT warhead would destroy everything in a 4 miles (6.4KM) radius, it takes a 8MT warhead to double the radius to 8 miles (13KM) radius with 5 PoundsSquareInch(2.27KG) overpressure.
    A 64MT warhead would extend the radius to 16 miles (26KM) total destruction. The large warheads are far more heavier than the smaller warheads- having 10x550kt missile will spread the pain better than a 9MT or 25MT warhead. This is why during the days before the end of the nuclear arms race, it was far better to use a ‘shotgun effect’ for example 8x200kt, 10x335kt etc.
    To get back to the object that detonated in 1908, the blast was spead out much wider than a conventional 40MT warhead would do because in a way it did have a ‘spread out’ multi-warhead effect. To destroy a hugh spread out populated area, 10 500kt warheads will be more effective than a single monster 25MT warhead, besides being much more lighter payload for the missiles carrying the multi-warheads.
    The arms race was crazy and I hope this crazy ‘I got more bigger rock than you have’ game does not start up again!!!!!!

  • Trippy

    Okay, so this is my second attempt at making this post.

    @ Jon Hanford & Mang:

    If you’re interested in what’s below Lake Cheko, then may I reccomend the papers written by the authors that I mentioned (as they’re the authors that found it in the first place). Some how I don’t think that Drobyshevski’s speculations are the best place to look.

    @ Stargazer & Olaf.

    With respect.
    First look up The Great Eclipse Comet of 1882 (formal designation X/1882 K1). The only time and place it was visible was in Egypt during a total solar eclipse.

    Then look up Extinct Comets and Dormant Comets – these are comets that have lost most (but not all) of their volatiles, and/or have a thick crust that prevents them from venting volatiles and forming an observable tail or coma. I’ve tried posting a list of 8 objects that meet these criteria, but for some reason it doesn’t want to let me.

    And don’t assume that I’m only pointing this out to promulgate 2012 alarmism because I’m not, I happen to think that that particularly pile is exactly that.

  • star-grazer

    Tippy-I don’t doubt many comets lost all volatiles and no longer have a tail/coma.
    The object that detonated in 1908 was really not that large,just fragile. Earth is large,and there was many objects of 1908 that hit the Earths’ atmosphere in the past thousand years but was not noticed or noted as they probably happened over the large Pacifc,Indian, other sparsly populated area.
    I don’t believe in 2012, just the fact is, these relatively small objects will hit the Earth,whether air-burst or ground and will not be seen or noticed until it detonates!!!
    Lets just hope these objects don’t hit a populated area.

  • Olaf

    Trippy, a comet only visible during solar eclips means that it is pretty far way from Earth, closer to he Sun or beyond. Such a comet does not travel in 24 hours towards Earth.

    Secondly if such a comet has passed, then it will leave debris behind which we will encounter every time Earth will pass to that part of the comets orbit, so meteorite peaks will be seen every dat day. Do we have any evidence of such peak periods of falling stars?

    Note I am referring what is explained in his article. It might actually have been a comet after all but that one explained in this article is highly improbable.

  • Layman

    If you google- (Tunguska-Lake Cheko) – There is a ton of information from many sources. One interesting thing that I read on Wikipeda was that researchers from the Imperial College of London say that some of the trees around the lake are more than a 100 years old and this would rule out the lake having been created by a meteor or comet in 1908. Another site mentioned that aerial photos of the lake from 1938 showed trees that were more than 30 years old.
    Perhaps the lake was created by an impact but at some other time in the past.

  • Olaf

    I have been reading a Dutch site with credible information. :-)

    Somethig moved from south to North and exploded.

    For 2 days the event was visible as far as Antwerp at the horizon.

    Clearly astronomers worldwide would be interested in that direction,…

    Sadly enough the first expedition was 20 after the explosion.

    It seems very likely that some comet came in and just exploded unlike what this article says, the complete comet fell down.

  • Trippy

    Layman:

    I’m, aware of those objections, however if you read (for example) Gasperini’s reply in 2008 to some of those objections, he makes some interesting points with regards to the trees, namely that the ones that remain that appear to be older than 1908 show evidence of having been bent over, and then undergoing a growth spurt at about the right time for 1908 – translation being that the trees around lake cheko that appear to be older than the Tunguska Event may have simply been young enough and flexible enough to survive the blast without snapping (explaining the bending) and that those that weren’t were felled, letting more light onto the younger trees, explaining the growth spurt that followed.

    Finally, the ground at the time was soft, peatey, and loaded with volatiles, meaning that the potential exists for a fragment to create a larger crater than would ordinarily seem to be allowed by scaling laws (or conversely, lake cheko could have been created by a fragment that was smaller than simply examining the crater size alone might indicate.

  • star-grazer

    Layman, I pretty well understood it was a great air-burst detonation, no crater created.
    The blast to the ground and the heat must have been great. I hope the next ones don’t hit cities or over cities.

  • Trippy

    Trippy, a comet only visible during solar eclips means that it is pretty far way from Earth, closer to he Sun or beyond. Such a comet does not travel in 24 hours towards Earth.

    But that wasn’t what I said though was it?
    My point in bringing up the great eclipse comet of 1828 wasn’t that. It was the fact that a great comet, comets that are exceptionally bright (Comet Hyakutake of 1996 and great Comet West of 1976 being two examples) managed to sneak into the inner solar system without being noticed.

    Secondly if such a comet has passed, then it will leave debris behind which we will encounter every time Earth will pass to that part of the comets orbit, so meteorite peaks will be seen every dat day. Do we have any evidence of such peak periods of falling stars?

    For a start off, you’re assuming that it was a periodic comet. Secondly, the debris trails do disperse over time, unless they’re refreshed. Finally it was suggested in 1978 hat it could have been a fragment of Comet Encke, because the implied trajectory (implied by the blast pattern of the felled trees) is consistent with the Beta Taurid shower, AND the Tunguska Blast apparently conicided with a peak in Beta Taurid activity,

    Note I am referring what is explained in his article. It might actually have been a comet after all but that one explained in this article is highly improbable.

    Not entirely sure how I feel about the model proposed in the article either, I suppose the only real requirement is that while the comet might have been an extinct comet (hence the lack of observable tail), that the fragment that exploded wasn’t – something which is still permitted by considering an extinct comet, but were that the case, one might expect a tail to be visible after the parent body skipped out of the earths atmosphere – which only really leaves the possibility of a sungrazing comet skipping through the earths atmosphere on its inwards leg – the night glow that is so often referred to could have been (at least in part) related to the cometary tail.

  • Layman

    Thanks guys- all good points and great information-Like I said there is a ton of it out there- I think that the first time that I ever read anything about Tunguska was in a popular UFO book in the early 1970′s, it too was great information even if it was pseudo science-
    I don’t for a minute doubt that there was an explosion in 1908. On that point there is plenty of evidence. And undoubtedly, however it happened, there will be another such collision with an object from space in the future. Let’s hope that they are all small ones and that they pick out of the way destinations for there impacts.

  • Greg

    I think that proposing that the Tungusta explosion could have been caused by a cometary rather than an asteroid fragment could be worth considering. To go as far as to say that a we were brushed by a larger body and this fragment fell off in the process I think is hard to believe if not proposterous. It is very likely auch a large body would have been seen and tracked even in this era. Either way this article is conjecture and not based on proof. I find it to be of little merit based on long odds against it and hardly worth taking this seriously.

  • Jon Hanford

    @Trippy, just a short note on your previous post. Contrary to your assertion that Comets Hyakutake and West ‘snuck’ into the inner solar system, both comets were discovered before their closest approach to earth and before they reached solar perihelion. Comet Hyakutake was discovered on January 30, 1996 while it was about 2 AU from the Sun. Closest approach to Earth was March 25, 1996 and perihelion occured May 1, 1996. Comet West was discovered August 10, 1975. Closest approach to Earth occured in March of 1976 and perihelion was on February 25, 1975. I was lucky enough to observe both of these comets well before their closest approach to Earth, so the assertion that these two comets ‘snuck up’ on us is unsubstantiated. BTW, these were really impressive sights naked eye, through binos and through telescopes, especially Comet West, as its’ nucleus broke up near solar perihelion.

  • Jon Hanford

    oops, Comet West reached perihelion February 25, 1976.

  • Emma What’s On?

    Nooo, it was Doctor Who that tried to save the planet that day… I wonder how he looked like in 1908 :D

  • star-grazer

    I’ve never thought of the 1908 event to be more than an object that had an air-burst detonation. I do not believe there was any comet tail or whatever-the time of year in the northern hemisphere and where the luminous skyglow was seen was caused by much noctilucent clouds created by this event. The skyglow was observed at latitudes 50 degrees N and above in Europe to western Russia, the twilight is quite long at these higher latitudes compared to where I’m at in San Francisco area-the skyglow was not observed at lower latitudes like southern Europe, NW China and the Arabic countries.
    During Mt Pinotubo eruption in 1991, I had a clear view to the west sunset from my home, and I saw the incredible effects caused by the eruption and the noctilucent clouds that was visible quite long after sunset, such clouds are almost not ever seen at such low latitudes 38 degrees North. I hope future hits on Earth, whether surface or air-burst is not over highly populated areas.

  • Mang

    I have to wonder what Drobyshevski’s up to with this.

    Given Checko, mineral findings, etc. the impactor could have been a rocky bit of debris from Comet Encke and link two theories together.

    The whole we were grazed by a comet and a piece fell off isn’t necessary and isn’t supported or even suggested. And since full size comets tend to be big (think dinosaur killer sized) it just creates fear.

    This really sounds like a 2012 scam without the date, website, book and media appearences. But then why publish on arvix?.

    He pegs the size of the primary body as 200-500m hardly a full size comet. He does make a prediction about it

    the main part of the unexploded nucleus escaped into space, and this body moving presently in an SP orbit should eventually be identified in time

    But as pointed out, the paper turns bizarre in the last paragraph of the conclusion

    We now see that the TP problem is related to not a small extent with the problem of the so called asteroid/comet danger for the Earth. It appears noteworthy in this connection to recall
    one more implication of the NEC, namely, the potential danger for Mankind of explosion of the icy envelope of Callisto, the fourth Galilean satellite of Jupiter (Drobyshevski 1989, 2008b) and the ensuing need for organization of a space mission with the purpose of probing the extent of
    saturation of Callisto’s ices by products of their electrolysis. Speaking by Cato the Elder (234-
    149 BC) words, “In my opinion, Callisto must be explored to prevent its possible explosion”.

  • Jon Hanford

    Thanks to Mang and others who actually took the time to read Dr. Drobyshevski’s dubious 18 page paper. One wonders why he felt compelled to publish this theory at all at the arXiv site? Although Dr. Drobyshevski is in fact ‘endorsed’ to post papers to this site, but submission rules clearly state:” The endorsement process is not peer review”. Just a look of other papers authored by Dr. Drobyshevski in the reference section of his paper indicate a dubious approach to physics in general and his “New Explosive Cosmogony” paradigm.

  • Aqua

    Mirror matter anyone?

    Matter created in the opposing jets of a sufficiently dense gravitational well is ejected from the north and south poles and is electrodynamically spun in opposing directions.

    Left handed and right handed Chirality is matter with either a right handed or left handed spin.

    When the two types of matter meet, there is an instantaneous release of energy, similar to but unlike a matter/antimatter annilation.

  • Aqua

    A Google search of ‘mirror matter’ will take you to several meteoric events which resemble the Tunguska event, although presumably not as large.

    There is evidence for atmospheric explosions in Algeria, Australia, Jordan and now presumably over N.A. some 12,500 BCE.

    Mirror matter fits the bill quite nicely.

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