Jupiter, Saturn Plowed Through Asteroids, Study Says

by Anne Minard on February 25, 2009

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Artist's depiction of the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Credit: David Minton and Renu Malhotra

Artist's depiction of the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Credit: David Minton and Renu Malhotra

When Mars and Jupiter migrated to their present orbits around 4 billion years ago, they left scars in the asteroids belt that are still visible today.

The evidence is unveiled in a new paper in this week’s issue of the journal Nature, by planetary scientists David Minton and Renu Malhotra from the University of Arizona in Tucson.  

The asteroid belt has long been known to harbor gaps, called Kirkwood gaps, in distinct locations. Some of these gaps correspond to unstable zones, where the modern-day gravitational influence of Jupiter and Saturn eject asteroids. But for the first time, Minton and Malhotra have noticed that some clearings don’t fit the bill.

“What we found was that many regions are depleted in asteroids relative to other regions, not just in the previously known Kirkwood gaps that are explained by the current planetary orbits,” Minton wrote in an email. In an editorial accompanying the paper, author Kevin Walsh added, “Qualitatively, it looks as if a snow plough were driven through the main asteroid belt, kicking out asteroids along the way and slowing to a stop at the inner edge of the belt.” 

Walsh hails from the Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur in France. In his News and Views piece, he explains that the known Kirkwood gaps, discovered by Daniel Kirkwood in 1867, “correspond to the location of orbital resonances with Jupiter — that is, of orbits whose periods are integer ratios of Jupiter’s orbital period.” For example, if an asteroid orbited the Sun three times for every time Jupiter did, it would be in a 3:1 orbital resonance with the planet, he wrote. Objects in resonance with a giant planet have inherently unstable orbits, and are likely to be ejected from the solar system. When planets migrated, astronomers believe objects in resonance with them also shifted, affecting different parts of the asteroid belt at different times. 

“Thus, if nothing has completely reshaped the asteroid belt since the planets settled into their current orbits, signatures of past planetary orbital migration may still remain,” Walsh wrote. And that’s exactly what Minton and Malhotra sought.

The asteroid belt easily gave up its secrets, showing the lingering evidence of planetary billiards on the inner edge of the asteroid belt and at the outer edge of each Kirkwood gap. The new finding, based on computer models, lends additional support to the theory that the giant planets — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune — formed twice as close to the sun as they are now and in a tighter configuration, and moved slowly outward. 

“The orbit of Pluto and other Kuiper belt objects that are trapped in [orbits that resonate] with Neptune can be explained by the outward migration of Neptune,” Minton and Malhotra write in the new study. “The exchange of angular momentum between planetesimals and the four giant planets caused the orbital migration of the giant planets until the outer planetesimal disk was depleted.”  Planetesimals are rocky and icy objects left over from planet formation.

“As Jupiter and Saturn migrated,” the authors continue, they wreaked havoc on the young asteroid belt, “exciting asteroids into terrestrial planet-crossing orbits, thereby greatly depleting the asteroid belt population and perhaps also causing a late heavy bombardment in the inner Solar System.”

The late heavy bombardment is proposed to have occurred about 3.9 billion years ago, or 600 million years after the birth of the Solar System, and it’s believed to account for many of the Moon’s oldest craters. Walsh said a reasonable next step, to corroborate the theory about the newly described clearings in the asteroid belt, is to link them chronologically with the bombardment.

LEAD PHOTO CAPTION: Artist’s depiction of the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Credit: David Minton and Renu Malhotra

Source: Nature

  • Pat Donnelly

    The sun in EU theory, is possibly wholly explained as a pinch in a large, galacti size, give or take a few magnitudes, current of plasma, which thereby accretes more energy and matter until we have what we see, am I correct?
    Thereafter, the Sun behaves exactly like a terella, with the external feed in the experiment approximating to the hypothesized current?
    We have seen stellar explosions, but EU propose that these do not have to be nova in size? Such explosions may be a preferable route to explaining where planets come from than a disk, with insurmountable mathematical difficulties relating to conservation of momentum, meaning that all the spin should be in the Sun when it apparently, is in the planets?

  • Salacious B. Crumb

    Oh dear, the rise of the third fruitcake. (Looks like it is becoming a convention)
    “To make my point again, the EU theorists tend to want to establish electro-magnetism and that it is being attacked suppressed.”
    Sounds the same diatribe, except different name.

  • Pat Donnelly

    Hail OillsMastery!

    I note the reservation expressed in your smiley: I am being pleasant to folks as they are pleasant to me! By way of thanks, you might tell me where my rendition of EU theory is wrong?

    I would hope that all in the debate would focus on an issue at a time having clearly stated it?
    Probably too much to hope for, I know.

    This issue is too important to neglect as there seems to be a fair amount of EU theory that has been subjected to irrational dismissal.

    Surely we are all happy to be proven wrong in our views, if it be the case, as with less error we are more likely to find our way to our rightful destination? Or am I naif?

  • Pat Donnelly

    http://www.sott.net/articles/show/177417-Hot-Solar-Winds-Energy-Simulation-Explains-Physical-Mystery-of-the-Voyager

    Hail Salacious B Crumb!
    What are they doing in this area of science? How can you tell I am a fruitcake? I may be a Turing program. How can you tell?
    “Diatribe” well spotted! Yes it is. I am summarizing what many EU theorists say. Not content with putting forward a theory that is revolutionary although stretching back centuries, they say others are against it. Is it more than conventional scientific fear of truth or do they have a point?
    That was what I was asking? Is that clear now? Perhaps you can address it? Or anything else I said?
    Hi!

  • Pat Donnelly

    Hey Salacious!

    http://veritasshow.blogspot.com/2009/02/one-of-few-truly-new-aircraft-since.html

    See a new lifting wing! If you open your mind, this could be a wonderful place, don’t you agree?

  • Excalibur

    Hi Pat:

    OilIsMastery have been asked for examples of how the electromagnetic mechanism that mimics gravity works, he have failed to do so.

    Whether anyone likes it or not, the gravitational model have great success in explaining orbital mechanics. That does not make it the only force in action, but it does lend great credibility. Oil is disqarding that credibility completely based on what looks like his own ‘beliefs’ as he have not explained any further. The examples he have submitted do not explain what he claims they do.

    Rest of his polemic is only quoting random sources that say things he like, and implying conspiracy. Not much of a debate.

  • ND

    It would seem I forgot to include the link in my previous post:

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_gravity

    This is for you Oil. Please read it. If you have any questions I’m sure there are people here who can help you.

  • http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~daminton/ David Minton

    Anaconda:
    “Dating craters on the Moon is an inexact science at best. The dating is mostly assumptions based on probability and incomplete radiometrical dating.”

    Dating craters is an inexact science, but it is exact enough that we have a general picture of the cratering history of the Moon (and by extension, the inner solar system). We see evidence that there was a period of heavy bombardment, and that the cratering rate seems to have declined rapidly at about 3.9-3.8 billion years ago. By about 3.5 billion years ago the cratering rate had dropped to a low, steady rate that has persisted to the present day. There may have been fluctuations in the rate due to collisions between asteroids in the main belt, but the rate has remained relatively constant (within a factor of 2 or so) as objects have slowly leaked out of the asteroid belt (plus the occasional comet strike). This big picture story is supported by a wide range of evidence from numerous independent sources (dating of lunar lava flows and dating of lunar impact melts using multiple radiometric isotope systems, statistical crater counting studies, studies of rate of impacts on Earth, studies of meteorites, etc.). All these studies tend to converge on this story in the broad sense. The details are what we tend to argue.

    “As one paper studying the date of solar system caters stated: “Upon study of figure 1 it becomes apparent that, while the cratering history of the solar system between 4.5 and 3.0 billion years (Gyr) is well known, that little is known afterwards. “”

    I would say that this is almost exactly backwards. It’s the cratering history between 4.5-3.5 Gyr that has been the source of much of the contention in the field for the last forty years or so. It also happens to be my favorite period of time in solar system history, in part because of the contentiousness. It’s been my experience that most scientists love to argue and disagree with each other, but we like it best when the arguments are backed up by rigorous science.

    “…author Kevin Walsh added, “Qualitatively, it looks as if a snow plough were driven through the main asteroid belt…”

    “Surely, in the course of 3.8 billion years ago, such a neat hole in the asteroid belt would have blurred as gravity from Jupiter pulled on the various asteroids.”

    I’m not sure what you mean by “blurred” but one of the main points of our study was to actually figure out what Jupiter’s gravity actually does to the distribution of asteroids over 4 billion years. In fact, our main conclusion is that there are regions in the main belt where Jupiter’s influence is small and that these regions are perfectly capable of keeping asteroids around for 4 billion years, yet they seem to be depleted in asteroids. These depleted, but stable, regions are distributed throughout the main belt in a very systematic way, and we hypothesized that this was the signature of giant planet migration. So we tested that hypothesis against a model of planet migration, and (so far, at least) it passed the test.

    “So, while I greatly respect Minton’s work, I do find reason to disagree with his certainty as regards the conclusions he makes on the timing of the orbital migrations.”

    I’m sure many of our colleagues will disagree with our conclusions too! That’s the great thing about science: there’s plenty of room to disagree.

    “As regards the evidence of electromagnetic causality of migrating planetal orbits, I suspect he is unfamiliar with the evidence.”

    I am somewhat familiar with EU and related ideas, mainly from my days lurking about in various web forums before I decided to study science as a career. I have found that the evidence put forth by its proponents is lacking in any rigor, and fails to stand up to real scrutiny.

  • Salacious B. Crumb

    Anaconda.
    Oh I see, now your playing the victim of some gross travesty…
    Well I’ve got news for you. Co-ordinated attacks like this were to be expected, especially after the hammering you took from the article; “Cosmologists Search for Gravity Waves to Prove Inflation Theory.” You were EXPOSED AS BEING BOTH FRAUDULENT AND MISLEADING, especially in presenting bogus websites, The moment you did that your credibility went to zero.

    As to your little rant here well I think you really sadly show aspects of delusions.

    Firstly, I think you are a little misguided in saying ” while offering the usual abuse.” I think I mostly ignored you altogether. If I recall, I think it was you whose actually started the abuse, when you said;

    “Ah, Salacious B. Crumb, what would I do without my favorite curmudgeon?
    Curmudgeon: a crusty, ill-tempered, and usually old man, full of stubborn old ideas.
    Yes, that fits you to a tee.
    You are reactionary, and given your stated reasons, “no”, “no”, and “none”, you really are a character…do you have a night club act?
    Maybe, your nickname should be Dr. No.”

    If this isn’t abuse, then I like to know what is.

    You above you also said; “…declined to challenge any of the substance of my comment.”
    Well I hate to disagree with you, but this is what I actually also said;
    “Gravitational effects were (and are) the principle causes of such migrations, whose outcomes can be understood as to be caused by the “…exchange of angular momentum.” Gravitational perturbations of all planetary bodies has been well researched and reasonably well known. These accretion processes, including planet creation via planetesimals and the formation of rings and role of small moonlets to make such structures stable. Much has been learnt, primarily from the rings of Saturn.
    The solar wind has very little to do with the behaviour of the accretion processes. On that issue, the evidence is absolute and well documented.”

    Towards; your statement about ;
    “Nor did [Salacious B. Crumb] even touch the facial evidence of elecetromagnetism I offered for consideration”.

    I actually did. I dismissed it completely out of hand. Why shouldn’t I, when it is clearly unverifiable and unproved BS. Again this position is absolutely delusional, since it assumes I am some how obliged to consider what you write as “factual evidence.” I’m not.
    Electromagnetism (whatever) is mostly irrelevant to the story presented.
    Remember, you made these generalised statements, I did not. If you can’t defend them, you shouldn’t have stated them
    If you don’t like – well bad luck!
    As for the rest of the diatribe written after this, well frankly that is your own misguided opinion. So what.
    The position regarding the role of electromagnetism (whatever} and gravity is crystal clear, and what is held by current theory and 99.9% off the astronomical community is that;
    “Presently explanations of astrophysical phenomena seem mostly and significantly influenced by gravity, and that the effects of electromagnetic forces are fairly minor.”
    End of story.

  • Anaconda

    @ Alex Jones:

    Review my comments on this thread.

    They are on topic (other than my commentary on OilIsMastery and my response to Salacious B. Crumb’s personal attacks) and pertinent.

    It seems that you characterize my proceeding comment as disgusting, so now who’s the one attempting to elicit an emotional response?

  • Anaconda

    @ Salacious B. Crumb:

    You rely on angular momentum for most of your explanations.

    But have you heard of the three body problem? That is gravity alone has problems keeping three bodies or more in a stable orbit.

    And angular momentum is what causes problems for the “accretion” theory of planetary development.

    I didn’t introduce the idea of planetary orbital migration into this post.

    That was the theme of the post to begin with.

  • Alex Jones

    @ Salacious B. Crumb

    This person OilsMastery is a troll, i.e. someone who posts controversial, inflammatory, irrelevant or off-topic messages in this forum, with the intention of provoking others into an emotional response and to disrupt normal on-topic discussion. Yes, indeed, I think, this person’s posts are disruptive, and –– interpreting his numerous “contributions” –– indeed, i think, this person has the aformentioned intensions.

    Above that, there are some of those pertinent “open minded” participants, who are willing to “discuss” each and every rubbish.

    The disgusting post, where the terms “scientific conversation”, “adult”, “hypothesis “, “gracious”, “respect”, and “willingness” are used, and “That is mature scientific discussion” is said, is the limit.

    With all due respect –– and I’m serious about this respect for you ––, Salacious B. Crumb, you are guilty ;-) , because by responding again and again you encourage the troll to continue his disruptive posts.

    Please, do not feed the troll!

    This should be a forum about _ astronomy_ again.

  • Salacious B. Crumb

    “My nicknaming you, “Curmudgeon” was an attempt to diffuse your unpleasant personal attacks in a humorous and hopefully lighthearted fashion.”
    Sorry, it didn’t work.
    “Don’t like my nickname for you? Hits to close to home? simple, grow up and carry on a scientific conversation like an adult and knock-off the personal invective.”
    I would, but much of what you say I really take with a grain of salt. Losing trust can be at a snap of the finger, gaining it back is much harder.

    As to the rest of your recent words, it is interesting that you (and OilIsMaster) profess some kind of equalness with your distorted opinions. It is quite clear you understand very little, especially even on the very basic and fundamental ideas on gravitation. All you do is simple argue from a position on mostly already rejected ideas that are grossly . You set out to attack those who know better – with pre-calculated agenda – even though they are far most qualified to justify their own views and can prove their conclusions (both verbally and mathematically).

    Even you last words here verify this view;

    “Salacious B. Crumb offers this quote: “Presently explanations of astrophysical phenomena seem mostly and significantly influenced by gravity, and that the effects of electromagnetic forces are fairly minor.”

    You actually replied ;
    “NASA’s in situ observations & measurements of near-space and the interplanetary medium refute your quote in its entirety.”

    Sadly this is just so wrong, and even more sadly you can even see it. (Note my quoted words are not a “A OR B” statement, but are an “A AND B” statement. I am not rejecting either premise, I am actually putting them in order of their respective importance.)
    Why is this wrong? Let’s see…
    Gravitation as a predictive tool is very useful, because it can explain the behaviours of nearly all astronomical phenomena. This can be from the Solar System, binary stars, galaxy interactions and rotation, accretion disks, etc.
    However, it is true that not all bodies act in an exact predictable way. This does not mean that our gravitation theory is wrong. It means there are additional source causing the discrepancy or there is energy being dissipated from the system. Ah ah! you say, it must be those dreaded “magnetic fields”, well that is not necessarily exactly true. There are a plethora of other influences. I.e. Relativistic effects, unseen gravitational sources, mass loss, etc. might be at play, or that mass is being exchanged say between two close stars in a binary system, or between an accretion disk and star.
    We can directly measure the gravitational effects by the motion of the bodies in question in terms of the energy the system contains. Any energy changes observed from the interactions are measured in terms of angular momentum. (Assumed that conservation of angular momentum in the exchange – which is a constant value for a given system.)
    Now, except in extreme phenomena, the effects of magnetic fields are actually mostly invisible to us. If so then how do we know their effects? Astronomers must actually rely primarily on the observational evidence of the gravitational interaction, find any discrepancy or changes in the phenomena (angular momentum), then account for the differences causing the loss or exchange.

    If you want a classic example of magnetic and electric fields in the recent story on an old pulsar. The change in the slowing rotation of the degenerate component star is a loss of angular momentum, which are due to dissipation of energy and matter by the very strong magnetic field. By the extremely important point is how do we know this because of the observed changes in the period and the consequences determined by gravitational calculations (including relativistic effects.) The difference in angular momentum, therefore tells us of the strength of the field, its energy and rate of the mass loss. Note: We can also confirm these calculations by measuring the field strength by using spectroscopy. I.e. The Stark effect or Zeeman effect.
    Although simplistic, were it not for the understanding of gravitational phenomena on astronomical bodies, we would actually be unable to deduce many of the ancillary effects like magnetic fields.
    The fact of the matter is;
    However pulsars are extreme phenomena. Most astronomical phenomena for stars and planets, etc. electric and magnetic field are of little consequence. We know this, because the changes in angular momentum are very small or whose effects, although cumulative, change little expect on extended timescales. Hence, “Presently explanations of astrophysical phenomena seem mostly and significantly influenced by gravity, and that the effects of electromagnetic forces are fairly minor.”
    [Note: This is NOT an invitation for debate, as I'm not a wet-nurse.]

  • Salacious B. Crumb

    Alex Jones, said;
    “This person OilsMastery is a troll, i.e. someone who posts controversial, inflammatory, irrelevant or off-topic messages in this forum, with the intention of provoking others into an emotional response and to disrupt normal on-topic discussion.”

    I disagree. Historically, mostly his attacks are solely to gain some credibility. The difference is that he honestly believes what he is writing. He has a known history of disrupting many forums, whose main aimed is to discredit the current role of cosmology and astrophysics – forming doubt in the way science obtains its results from observation. Much of what he contends has made him banned from many places on the internet, and even his own website is a reactionary consequence of such imposed bans.
    I have used tactics of provocation (probably wrongly in some eyes) to expose his fraudulent behaviour and clearly wrong beliefs, as he specifically avoids direct scrutiny by attempting to bamboozle the reader. The means of success is confronting him directly so he makes the occasional slip-ups. It mostly works. I.e. He stated, for example, “Yes but most likely electromagnetism causes gravity.” – which will now haunt him for the rest of his days.
    Admittedly my responses doesn’t look very pretty, but the question is do you tolerate the deception or do you confront it and expose it? (From my perspective, I have been totally upfront. I have no real agenda, and respond in the way I see it.)

    So Sorry. In this case, IMO, ignoring him is more dangerous than not directly confronting him. He deserves not quarter and no resting place. After a time he will go somewhere else for his “jollys”, but he will still profess the same deluded garbage.
    As towards your statement;
    “With all due respect –– and I’m serious about this respect for you ––, Salacious B. Crumb, you are guilty ;-) , because by responding again and again you encourage the troll to continue his disruptive posts.”
    As I’ve already stated provocation sometimes can be a particularly effective and useful tool – especially if with someone who is trying to influence others who don’t know any better. In the end, blog site are supposed to be about exchange of information, but what it up as is a physiological laboratory of anonymous people who really know little about each other. There is an assumption that the opinions are always benevolent, yet the disruptive blogger knows this. The eternal dilemma is not to simply to ignore the individual causing the disruption, but at what time you should strike down the deceit.
    However, I do take you point that “This should be a forum about _ astronomy_ again.”
    Perhaps Universe Today moderation needs to consider to start removing more points that stray far from the topic at hand (like this reply to you) or are absolutely dishonest towards scientific credibility. But on this latter point, is this necessary censorship?

  • http://oilismastery.blogspot.com/ OilIsMastery

    Anaconda said;
    “You rely on angular momentum for most of your explanations.”

    No, not really. I brought up the issue because it is exactly the place in your misguided logic about your completely wrong and ridiculous application of electromagnetic (whatever) and plasma (whatever) theories are forever doomed to failure.

    You don’t understand do you? Otherwise you wouldn’t be asking silly things like; “And angular momentum is what causes problems for the “accretion” theory of planetary development.”

    So be my guest. Go right ahead and try to destroy the very basis of angular momentum in astrophysics and physics. (Be very careful though, because the laws governing angular momentum (and its conservation) also equally apply to relativistic mechanics, quantum mechanics, atomic theory, and even your precious electrodynamics.

    Note: I notice your total and absolute silence on “Noether’s theorem” (like OilIsMastery) Do you understand its implications? If you do, then you might learn the link in various fields and understanding of the laws of physics.
    Now of course, if you can logically prove any part of Noether’s theorem is wrong, then you might have some justification to claim the overall physics adopted by all the cosmologist and astrophysicists is also wrong. Well really, and until you do, whatever you say is well frankly absolutely and totally meaningless.

  • Salacious B. Crumb

    Anaconda said;
    “You rely on angular momentum for most of your explanations.”
    No, not really. I brought up the issue because it is exactly the place in your misguided logic about your completely wrong and ridiculous application of electromagnetic (whatever) and plasma (whatever) theories are forever doomed to failure.
    You don’t understand do you? Otherwise you wouldn’t be asking silly things like; “And angular momentum is what causes problems for the “accretion” theory of planetary development.”
    So be my guest. Go right ahead and try to destroy the very basis of angular momentum in astrophysics and physics. (Be very careful though, because the laws governing angular momentum (and its conservation) also equally apply to relativistic mechanics, quantum mechanics, atomic theory, and even your precious electrodynamics.
    Note: I notice your total and absolute silence on “Noether’s theorem” (like OilIsMastery) Do you understand its implications? If you do, then you might learn the link in various fields and understanding of the laws of physics.
    Now of course, if you can logically prove any part of Noether’s theorem is wrong, then you might have some justification to claim the overall physics adopted by all the cosmologist and astrophysicists is also wrong. Well really, and until you do, whatever you say is well frankly absolutely and totally meaningless.

  • Anaconda

    Obviously, somebody is playing a silly prank.

  • Anaconda

    @ Salacious B. Crumb:

    You state: “Gravitation as a predictive tool is very useful, because it can explain the behaviours of nearly all astronomical phenomena. This can be from the Solar System, binary stars, galaxy interactions and rotation, accretion disks, etc.”

    No.

    That’s why “black holes”, “neutron” stars, “dark” matter, and “dark” energy were hypothesized because gravity alone could not explain various structures and processes in deep space, or the hypothesized “big bang”. Those supposed phenomenon when closely scrutinized are not natural outcomes of the laws of gravity, but were ad hoc solutions to the paradoxes of an all encompassing theory of gravity that failed by its own constraints and requirements.

    Electromagnetism doesn’t require the above exotics that have been assumed and incorporated into “modern” astronomy.

    Because the properties of electromagnetism can account for the various observed objects and phenomenon for which “modern” astronomy has recruited the above exotics.

    It is the belief that gravity must account for all the observed objects and processes in deep space that has led into the adoption of exotics.

    Let’s take your examples one at a time.

    Solar System — Do you deny that NASA has confirmed electromagnetic processes and phenomenon are ubiquitous in the Solar system?

    Binary stars (and multiple star sytems) — Gravity doesn’t account for binary and multiple star systems. Electromagnetism does.

    Galaxy interactions — Again, gravity doesn’t explain those interactions very well.

    Rotation — Yes, some objects can be explained by gravity, but electromagnetism does a much job of explaining rotation. Rotation is a product of electromagnetic force, think electrons spinning around a magnetic field as in synchrotron radiation.

    Accretion disks (Which one, the one supposedly around a “black hole” or the one that supposedly formed planets?) — How to account for “hot jupiters” giant gas exoplanets in close orbit to their stars, “accretion” theory doesn’t explain their formation. That is why there is interest in planetary orbital migration. Also, angular momentum stands in the way of the “accretion” theory. “Accretion disks” around “black holes” are a complete ad hoc reaction to the paradox that jets are emitted from an object who’s gravity is supposedly so strong that no even light can escape, but it does.

    I’ve paraphrased this before, and I will here, all forces need to be considered because all forces have a role in the structrue and dymanics of the Universe.

    The relevant question is what is their respective roles in relation to each other?

  • ND

    what the….

    Who’s writing under who’s name?

  • Salacious B. Crumb

    ND said;
    “what the…. Who’s writing under who’s name?”
    I thought I posted this, but I don’t understand how OilIsMastery also actually posted this. Makes you wonder.

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