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	<title>Comments on: The Odds of Intelligent Life in the Universe</title>
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	<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/</link>
	<description>Space and astronomy news</description>
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		<title>By: mc</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-3/#comment-52832</link>
		<dc:creator>mc</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2009 00:01:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-52832</guid>
		<description>poopenhimer Says: 
Selfishness is what drives evolution. An organism is wired to do anything to survive. We are the exception. If any other animal was given the technollogy and the means as humans what would you think the world would be like. Now this doesnt mean we can become better as a society and help regrow our environment but thats for another day.  

I don&#039;t believe we are an exception.  We will do anything to survive.  It&#039;s just in this modern age in first world countries, we don&#039;t have an issue of survival.  Right now we are more worried about getting fat because we have too much to eat.  We are worried about overpopulation because too many of us survive.  Once resources start dwindling, do you think we all will just die of starvation without trying to stop it?  How many people out there harm other people without an issue of survival?  We are just as prone to evolution as any other species, just we are a bit smarter.  Also, I would argue the intelligence to some degree.  There is such a variation of intelligence from people like einstein to people who can&#039;t wipe their own a&#039;&#039; at 30 years old.

javier varela Says: 
May 20th, 2008 at 3:58 pm 
you also ot to think that even though we may one day be able to find a planet with life trillions of light years away or so, they may not evn be there any way, light travels fast, but not fast enough tht we know if there is any civilization out there still, so to another civilization billions, or trillions of light years away, to them also we may still appear to be in the triassic period or so on

The definition of a light year is the distance travelled by light in one year.  The actual speed of light is approximately 3*10^5 m/s.  Consdering that about 14 billion light years is all we can see in any direction of the universe, it would be impossible to see something that is anywhere near a trillion light years away.  This is where scientists get the idea that the universe is only 14 billion years old.  There are alot of holes in this age.  First, you have to assume that space does expand faster than the speed of light.  Second, you have to assume there is nothing past that 14 billion light year mark.  If the universe is 14 billion years old, then we should theoretically be able to work the the paths of these supergroups of galaxy backward until a point where they were all together, which should add up to 14 billion years if correct. 

As for the odds of intelligent life on other planets, we don&#039;t know enough at all to even make an estimate.  One of this guy&#039;s arguments is the complication of evolution.  We don&#039;t consider the fact that life could flourish in some conditiones that we haven&#039;t considered.  Or even solar systems with gas giants that have many moons and are close enough to the parent star for liquid water.  Until we can get samples from at least a small section of the universe, we won&#039;t be able to provide a statistic for how many civilizations that are out there.  As far as we know it could be 0 or it could be 10^20000</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>poopenhimer Says:<br />
Selfishness is what drives evolution. An organism is wired to do anything to survive. We are the exception. If any other animal was given the technollogy and the means as humans what would you think the world would be like. Now this doesnt mean we can become better as a society and help regrow our environment but thats for another day.  </p>
<p>I don&#039;t believe we are an exception.  We will do anything to survive.  It&#039;s just in this modern age in first world countries, we don&#039;t have an issue of survival.  Right now we are more worried about getting fat because we have too much to eat.  We are worried about overpopulation because too many of us survive.  Once resources start dwindling, do you think we all will just die of starvation without trying to stop it?  How many people out there harm other people without an issue of survival?  We are just as prone to evolution as any other species, just we are a bit smarter.  Also, I would argue the intelligence to some degree.  There is such a variation of intelligence from people like einstein to people who can&#039;t wipe their own a&#034; at 30 years old.</p>
<p>javier varela Says:<br />
May 20th, 2008 at 3:58 pm<br />
you also ot to think that even though we may one day be able to find a planet with life trillions of light years away or so, they may not evn be there any way, light travels fast, but not fast enough tht we know if there is any civilization out there still, so to another civilization billions, or trillions of light years away, to them also we may still appear to be in the triassic period or so on</p>
<p>The definition of a light year is the distance travelled by light in one year.  The actual speed of light is approximately 3*10^5 m/s.  Consdering that about 14 billion light years is all we can see in any direction of the universe, it would be impossible to see something that is anywhere near a trillion light years away.  This is where scientists get the idea that the universe is only 14 billion years old.  There are alot of holes in this age.  First, you have to assume that space does expand faster than the speed of light.  Second, you have to assume there is nothing past that 14 billion light year mark.  If the universe is 14 billion years old, then we should theoretically be able to work the the paths of these supergroups of galaxy backward until a point where they were all together, which should add up to 14 billion years if correct. </p>
<p>As for the odds of intelligent life on other planets, we don&#039;t know enough at all to even make an estimate.  One of this guy&#039;s arguments is the complication of evolution.  We don&#039;t consider the fact that life could flourish in some conditiones that we haven&#039;t considered.  Or even solar systems with gas giants that have many moons and are close enough to the parent star for liquid water.  Until we can get samples from at least a small section of the universe, we won&#039;t be able to provide a statistic for how many civilizations that are out there.  As far as we know it could be 0 or it could be 10^20000</p>
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		<title>By: Landon</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-3/#comment-49249</link>
		<dc:creator>Landon</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2009 17:00:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-49249</guid>
		<description>CANDY BARS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>CANDY BARS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!</p>
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		<title>By: Jackson</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-3/#comment-49046</link>
		<dc:creator>Jackson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Jan 2009 16:54:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-49046</guid>
		<description>EAT SHIT!!!!!!!!!!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>EAT SHIT!!!!!!!!!!</p>
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		<title>By: Dansk1</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-3/#comment-44864</link>
		<dc:creator>Dansk1</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Dec 2008 03:36:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-44864</guid>
		<description>Consifering what I have experienced over a period of 80 years, mingling among those homo-sapiens, I earnestly ptay that there is intelligent lifeform out there, because there sure is&#039;nt any here on Earth. My life savings were confiscated by pseudo-Christians at Sun City Hilton Head, back in March 1995.
Since then, every day on this sphere has (and continues to be) an obvious challenge.
Forget about overseas Internet crooks, like those in Nigeria, worry about the folks right in your neighborhood, or the Del Web Mafia.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Consifering what I have experienced over a period of 80 years, mingling among those homo-sapiens, I earnestly ptay that there is intelligent lifeform out there, because there sure is&#039;nt any here on Earth. My life savings were confiscated by pseudo-Christians at Sun City Hilton Head, back in March 1995.<br />
Since then, every day on this sphere has (and continues to be) an obvious challenge.<br />
Forget about overseas Internet crooks, like those in Nigeria, worry about the folks right in your neighborhood, or the Del Web Mafia.</p>
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		<title>By: poopenhimer</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-3/#comment-24766</link>
		<dc:creator>poopenhimer</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jun 2008 23:56:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-24766</guid>
		<description>Reading these comments i have a lot to say. First of all even though there are a lot of greedy nasty people in the world, humanity as a whole defies the natural feeling of greed. It is our intelligence that seperates us from all other forms of life on this planet, and it is our intelligence that makes it possible for us to repel selfish thoughts.
 
there was a study done on toddlers and chimpanzees that showed the distinct difference between humans and there closest relatives. The first test was done on a group of toddlers where an adult would purposley put him or herself into a situation where they would be in need of help. Every toddler in the room was willing and eager to help its fellow human. 

A similar situation was set up for chimpanzees. They put one chimpanzee in a room where the center was divided by metal bars. Food was placed in the middle of a long board just out of reach of the chimp on the other side. Each end of the board had a string attached to it that traveled through the bars to the side of the room where the chimp was being held. Alone, the strings where to far apart for the chimp to successfully pull the board close enough to him to reach the food. The chimp was then faced with the option to open a door on his side of the room where a fellow chimp was being held. The door was opened and with the help of the second chimp, the original was able to reach the food. But being the dominate chimp, the orignal chimp did not share the bounty with his companion. The test was tried again but this time when the chimp opened the door for help, the second chimp refused to do work with no profit. 

Selfishness is what drives evolution. An organism is wired to do anything to survive. We are the exception. If any other animal was given the technollogy and the means as humans what would you think the world would be like. Now this doesnt mean we can become better as a society and help regrow our environment but thats for another day.

Secondly if we find other forms of life, the chances of it being carbon based is extremely high. Carbon is the element that most easily bonds with any other element. It is the most efficient means to the biulding blocks of life and this will never change anywhere throughout the whole universe. 

p.s. dolphins arent that smart. Unless they somehow evolve to walk of land, which would probably never ever happen being so well adapted for the water and might have evolved from land into the water, dolphins, even if it wasnt for human intervention, would have never evolved into anything like humans or as succesful. HEED THY WORDS! BEWARE THE FUTURE WHERE ELEPHANTS RULE THE WORLD! THERE TRUNK TRIGGERED GUNS WILL OBLITERATE US ONE DAY!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Reading these comments i have a lot to say. First of all even though there are a lot of greedy nasty people in the world, humanity as a whole defies the natural feeling of greed. It is our intelligence that seperates us from all other forms of life on this planet, and it is our intelligence that makes it possible for us to repel selfish thoughts.</p>
<p>there was a study done on toddlers and chimpanzees that showed the distinct difference between humans and there closest relatives. The first test was done on a group of toddlers where an adult would purposley put him or herself into a situation where they would be in need of help. Every toddler in the room was willing and eager to help its fellow human. </p>
<p>A similar situation was set up for chimpanzees. They put one chimpanzee in a room where the center was divided by metal bars. Food was placed in the middle of a long board just out of reach of the chimp on the other side. Each end of the board had a string attached to it that traveled through the bars to the side of the room where the chimp was being held. Alone, the strings where to far apart for the chimp to successfully pull the board close enough to him to reach the food. The chimp was then faced with the option to open a door on his side of the room where a fellow chimp was being held. The door was opened and with the help of the second chimp, the original was able to reach the food. But being the dominate chimp, the orignal chimp did not share the bounty with his companion. The test was tried again but this time when the chimp opened the door for help, the second chimp refused to do work with no profit. </p>
<p>Selfishness is what drives evolution. An organism is wired to do anything to survive. We are the exception. If any other animal was given the technollogy and the means as humans what would you think the world would be like. Now this doesnt mean we can become better as a society and help regrow our environment but thats for another day.</p>
<p>Secondly if we find other forms of life, the chances of it being carbon based is extremely high. Carbon is the element that most easily bonds with any other element. It is the most efficient means to the biulding blocks of life and this will never change anywhere throughout the whole universe. </p>
<p>p.s. dolphins arent that smart. Unless they somehow evolve to walk of land, which would probably never ever happen being so well adapted for the water and might have evolved from land into the water, dolphins, even if it wasnt for human intervention, would have never evolved into anything like humans or as succesful. HEED THY WORDS! BEWARE THE FUTURE WHERE ELEPHANTS RULE THE WORLD! THERE TRUNK TRIGGERED GUNS WILL OBLITERATE US ONE DAY!</p>
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		<title>By: javier varela</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-3/#comment-21035</link>
		<dc:creator>javier varela</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 20 May 2008 22:58:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-21035</guid>
		<description>you also ot to think that even though we may one day be able to find a planet with life trillions of light years away or so, they may not evn be there any way, light travels fast, but not fast enough tht we know if there is any civilization out there still, so to another civilization billions, or trillions of light years away, to them also we may still appear to be in the triassic period or so on</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>you also ot to think that even though we may one day be able to find a planet with life trillions of light years away or so, they may not evn be there any way, light travels fast, but not fast enough tht we know if there is any civilization out there still, so to another civilization billions, or trillions of light years away, to them also we may still appear to be in the triassic period or so on</p>
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		<title>By: ron stone</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-19388</link>
		<dc:creator>ron stone</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 May 2008 14:10:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-19388</guid>
		<description>The question is always that if there is intelligent life elswhere in the galaxy where are they? Using the &quot;Drake equation&quot; and being very conservative I calculate that there  should be some 20 million intelligent &quot;technical&quot; civilisations around in the galaxy at this time. Wow, so where are they? Given the size of our galaxy it means that on average there is one intelligent civilisation every 150 million cubic light years!! Or if we are very lucky there may be one just 531 light years away. Then again they may be twice that distance. Even half that distance means we still have to wait another 200 years befor they pick up our TV programmes. Nuff said?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The question is always that if there is intelligent life elswhere in the galaxy where are they? Using the &#034;Drake equation&#034; and being very conservative I calculate that there  should be some 20 million intelligent &#034;technical&#034; civilisations around in the galaxy at this time. Wow, so where are they? Given the size of our galaxy it means that on average there is one intelligent civilisation every 150 million cubic light years!! Or if we are very lucky there may be one just 531 light years away. Then again they may be twice that distance. Even half that distance means we still have to wait another 200 years befor they pick up our TV programmes. Nuff said?</p>
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		<title>By: Eric Near Buffalo</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18758</link>
		<dc:creator>Eric Near Buffalo</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2008 16:10:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18758</guid>
		<description>Are scientists only looking for carbon based life when carry out these searches?  When they say they detect far away planets with organic compounds, could it be possible that what&#039;s organic here might not neccessarily be organic on planet &quot;Sklarbek&quot;?

Rather than searching for a beacon from many many light years away, shouldn&#039;t we maybe just stay within a technically reasonable distance?  Then again all we really know of is carbon based lifeforms.  How could we truly know of non carbon based lifeforms short of hovering above them?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Are scientists only looking for carbon based life when carry out these searches?  When they say they detect far away planets with organic compounds, could it be possible that what&#039;s organic here might not neccessarily be organic on planet &#034;Sklarbek&#034;?</p>
<p>Rather than searching for a beacon from many many light years away, shouldn&#039;t we maybe just stay within a technically reasonable distance?  Then again all we really know of is carbon based lifeforms.  How could we truly know of non carbon based lifeforms short of hovering above them?</p>
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		<title>By: Lyria</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18757</link>
		<dc:creator>Lyria</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2008 15:43:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18757</guid>
		<description>Due to the celestial dynamics involved, and due to the fact that we are looking for something &quot;recognizable&quot;, I think the search for extraterrestrial life is going to be a long hard road.  
 If the nearest galaxy that held this life sent us a message today, it would take years, possibly centuries to reach us using conventional technologies. Perhaps in a few hundred years our childrens, children will get their first Hi, how are ya.  Given that we have only mastered this ability in the last 50 years, what&#039;s to say evolutionarily, the other planets havent evolved along the same lines. The question to me isn&#039;t whether there is &quot;intelligent life&quot; out there, it&#039;s more of &quot;when&quot; will we find it and will we be considered intelligent when they find us:)  To postulate the rarity of a particular event impossible to measure or confirm is like another poster said, in the realm of speculation and should be left to theologians or spiritual gurus.

Lyria</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Due to the celestial dynamics involved, and due to the fact that we are looking for something &#034;recognizable&#034;, I think the search for extraterrestrial life is going to be a long hard road.<br />
 If the nearest galaxy that held this life sent us a message today, it would take years, possibly centuries to reach us using conventional technologies. Perhaps in a few hundred years our childrens, children will get their first Hi, how are ya.  Given that we have only mastered this ability in the last 50 years, what&#039;s to say evolutionarily, the other planets havent evolved along the same lines. The question to me isn&#039;t whether there is &#034;intelligent life&#034; out there, it&#039;s more of &#034;when&#034; will we find it and will we be considered intelligent when they find us:)  To postulate the rarity of a particular event impossible to measure or confirm is like another poster said, in the realm of speculation and should be left to theologians or spiritual gurus.</p>
<p>Lyria</p>
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		<title>By: Chuck Lam</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18749</link>
		<dc:creator>Chuck Lam</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2008 12:53:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18749</guid>
		<description>.To Kongaman,  I think you might be right about Watson.  His agenda appears to be simply &quot;getting published.&quot;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>.To Kongaman,  I think you might be right about Watson.  His agenda appears to be simply &#034;getting published.&#034;</p>
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		<title>By: kongaman</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18710</link>
		<dc:creator>kongaman</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2008 03:08:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18710</guid>
		<description>Watson is full of it.  A good scientist knows you need more than just one data point to make the kind of conclusions he is making.

Sounds like he has another agenda, or at the least is from the old school of God made only one planet in the Universe with life, so that the British Empire could conquer it.

Come join the 21st Century. doc.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Watson is full of it.  A good scientist knows you need more than just one data point to make the kind of conclusions he is making.</p>
<p>Sounds like he has another agenda, or at the least is from the old school of God made only one planet in the Universe with life, so that the British Empire could conquer it.</p>
<p>Come join the 21st Century. doc.</p>
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		<title>By: Chuck Lam</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18708</link>
		<dc:creator>Chuck Lam</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2008 02:53:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18708</guid>
		<description>Hey everyone!  Stop a few moments and look around our planet.  How many distinct life forms are there?  We all know the estimates vary from a few tens of thousands to millions.  It appears life, in any form, hardly needs an excuse too appear literally everywhere on earth.  Now turn your attention to the cosmos. I suspect life is as prolific in the universe as here on earth.  Anything close to an earth-like habitat will do.  This assumes, of course, that life was sparked from the same something common in the universe that got life going on earth.  i doubt that we are unique, maybe rare, but not unique.  Why no contact one might ask?  It&#039;s simple.  Modulate electro-magnetic radiation diminishes with distance.  There&#039;s nothing left to detect from a billion watt signal after a few light years of travel.  What about laser communication might be asked?  Attempting to communicate with a modulated laser would be like trying to shoot a fly on Pluto from earth.  Are there other ways to communicate on a galactic scale?  Maybe . . .  maybe not.  I have this negative feeling contact will never be made with another communicative intelligence.  Way too much distance between us and them.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hey everyone!  Stop a few moments and look around our planet.  How many distinct life forms are there?  We all know the estimates vary from a few tens of thousands to millions.  It appears life, in any form, hardly needs an excuse too appear literally everywhere on earth.  Now turn your attention to the cosmos. I suspect life is as prolific in the universe as here on earth.  Anything close to an earth-like habitat will do.  This assumes, of course, that life was sparked from the same something common in the universe that got life going on earth.  i doubt that we are unique, maybe rare, but not unique.  Why no contact one might ask?  It&#039;s simple.  Modulate electro-magnetic radiation diminishes with distance.  There&#039;s nothing left to detect from a billion watt signal after a few light years of travel.  What about laser communication might be asked?  Attempting to communicate with a modulated laser would be like trying to shoot a fly on Pluto from earth.  Are there other ways to communicate on a galactic scale?  Maybe . . .  maybe not.  I have this negative feeling contact will never be made with another communicative intelligence.  Way too much distance between us and them.</p>
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		<title>By: Sieveofintell</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18688</link>
		<dc:creator>Sieveofintell</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2008 19:24:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18688</guid>
		<description>It seems that all life as we know it ,  is competitive and devoring each other . 
So the majority of life based on evolution as we know it is self seeking and aggressive in order to survive , in other words ... trailer trash.
 Even the sperm push each other aside to be the winner of the race.
So there is a necessary 7th STEP in advancing to the kind of intelligence needed for long range survival of the species.
That STEP is the following scenario event occurring which leads to the intelligent sub class &quot;E&quot; necessary for survival of any planet which can communicate over the light years.
This  abberation class &quot;E&quot; which pass through the filter  are the selfless intelligent , knowledge seeking , curious and caring kind who , if powerful enough could insure we don;t become extinct.
Many scientists are not members of that group like scientists from Nazi Germany in WWII.
Many scientists are not nice people and are in fact greedy , have big egos and small minded enough to not even share credit with other  scientists ( like the woman who did DNA research or the woman who wrote &quot;The Mocking Bird  ..&quot; prize winning novel&quot; and who received no credit for assisted Truman Capote in writing &quot;In Cold Blood&quot;) 
The problem is only the most aggessive and ruthless make it to positions of power usually .
 Jimmy Carter , Ghandi and those like him are the rare cases.
Therefore we have leaders who are so wired up and definitely  NOT members of the abberation class &quot;E&quot; and they will take us to the brink of extinction if not all the way.
Then you throw in the natural extinction events and many civilizations lead to a dead end before they can communicate with each other light years away.
So any intelligent civilization which passes through the filter leading to class &quot;E&quot; and the 7th STEP may be very rare indeed.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It seems that all life as we know it ,  is competitive and devoring each other .<br />
So the majority of life based on evolution as we know it is self seeking and aggressive in order to survive , in other words &#8230; trailer trash.<br />
 Even the sperm push each other aside to be the winner of the race.<br />
So there is a necessary 7th STEP in advancing to the kind of intelligence needed for long range survival of the species.<br />
That STEP is the following scenario event occurring which leads to the intelligent sub class &#034;E&#034; necessary for survival of any planet which can communicate over the light years.<br />
This  abberation class &#034;E&#034; which pass through the filter  are the selfless intelligent , knowledge seeking , curious and caring kind who , if powerful enough could insure we don;t become extinct.<br />
Many scientists are not members of that group like scientists from Nazi Germany in WWII.<br />
Many scientists are not nice people and are in fact greedy , have big egos and small minded enough to not even share credit with other  scientists ( like the woman who did DNA research or the woman who wrote &#034;The Mocking Bird  ..&#034; prize winning novel&#034; and who received no credit for assisted Truman Capote in writing &#034;In Cold Blood&#034;)<br />
The problem is only the most aggessive and ruthless make it to positions of power usually .<br />
 Jimmy Carter , Ghandi and those like him are the rare cases.<br />
Therefore we have leaders who are so wired up and definitely  NOT members of the abberation class &#034;E&#034; and they will take us to the brink of extinction if not all the way.<br />
Then you throw in the natural extinction events and many civilizations lead to a dead end before they can communicate with each other light years away.<br />
So any intelligent civilization which passes through the filter leading to class &#034;E&#034; and the 7th STEP may be very rare indeed.</p>
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		<title>By: Vanamonde</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18681</link>
		<dc:creator>Vanamonde</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2008 18:01:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18681</guid>
		<description>Love the picture - great Photoshop skills. Now, wasn&#039;t there an Astronomy Cast where Dr. Gay mentions in just 50 million years, the sun will have brighten enough to boil the oceans. Me, I have always heard that we have about 5 billion years until the sun swelled but I have a sense of trust in Dr. Gay - enough that I was sad for a couple of days after hearing that. But while nothing on the astronomical scale it is an eternity in human evolution, so we should have time to find or built another biosphere somewhere. Or a few thousand or more, who knows.

As for other civilizations, I have no doubt there are out there. Space is just so big, I cannot expect that we are the only ones. But I hope, as we work on detection that we do not work to exposure ourselves to them for awhile. If they are anything like us and a million years ahead, we will probably be treated that the native Americans by the Europeans. Or worst.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Love the picture &#8211; great Photoshop skills. Now, wasn&#039;t there an Astronomy Cast where Dr. Gay mentions in just 50 million years, the sun will have brighten enough to boil the oceans. Me, I have always heard that we have about 5 billion years until the sun swelled but I have a sense of trust in Dr. Gay &#8211; enough that I was sad for a couple of days after hearing that. But while nothing on the astronomical scale it is an eternity in human evolution, so we should have time to find or built another biosphere somewhere. Or a few thousand or more, who knows.</p>
<p>As for other civilizations, I have no doubt there are out there. Space is just so big, I cannot expect that we are the only ones. But I hope, as we work on detection that we do not work to exposure ourselves to them for awhile. If they are anything like us and a million years ahead, we will probably be treated that the native Americans by the Europeans. Or worst.</p>
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		<title>By: Eric Near Buffalo</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18678</link>
		<dc:creator>Eric Near Buffalo</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2008 16:40:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18678</guid>
		<description>Look if we were truly intelligent, we&#039;d find people who could rightfully run the various governments ( :cough: including ours :cough: ) across the globe, we&#039;d have people who could consistently solve the problems we face and we&#039;d have people running corporations who were more in tune with the consumers who are also in some cases their employees or employees of their friends&#039; corporations.

Greed is not a good indicator of intelligent life.  It&#039;s just ignorance.  Our species ignorance is just proof that we&#039;re designed to destroy ourselves.  If there was intelligent life outside of the solar system, they probably look at us as the trailer park of the universe; should they notice us at all and would most likely keep looking around until they found truly civilized and intelligent beings.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Look if we were truly intelligent, we&#039;d find people who could rightfully run the various governments ( :cough: including ours :cough: ) across the globe, we&#039;d have people who could consistently solve the problems we face and we&#039;d have people running corporations who were more in tune with the consumers who are also in some cases their employees or employees of their friends&#039; corporations.</p>
<p>Greed is not a good indicator of intelligent life.  It&#039;s just ignorance.  Our species ignorance is just proof that we&#039;re designed to destroy ourselves.  If there was intelligent life outside of the solar system, they probably look at us as the trailer park of the universe; should they notice us at all and would most likely keep looking around until they found truly civilized and intelligent beings.</p>
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		<title>By: davey</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18676</link>
		<dc:creator>davey</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2008 15:59:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18676</guid>
		<description>Facinating topic and great website!

TVSingh and DaveM have encouraged me to consider further the idea of our own planet&#039;s life cycle (or, more importantly, our sun&#039;s life cycle).  Why are we so sure that intelligence hasnt evolved previously here, given the amount of time that has elapsed.  Also, considering the minute amount of time it took for us super apes to bite in to that apple, it seems (to me) that there might be better odds of the chance of life evolving multiple times here, than out there, where many more other parameters could and would affect the equation.  

If dexterity is the key to larger brains and evolved intelligence, why is that so unique to modern times and primates?  In the 130 million years or so of the existance of flowering\fruit bearing plants and trees, why us?

Just because we havent been able to dig it up doesnt mean that it hasnt happened here before, no?  Might be an easier explanation for those mass extinctions as well.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Facinating topic and great website!</p>
<p>TVSingh and DaveM have encouraged me to consider further the idea of our own planet&#039;s life cycle (or, more importantly, our sun&#039;s life cycle).  Why are we so sure that intelligence hasnt evolved previously here, given the amount of time that has elapsed.  Also, considering the minute amount of time it took for us super apes to bite in to that apple, it seems (to me) that there might be better odds of the chance of life evolving multiple times here, than out there, where many more other parameters could and would affect the equation.  </p>
<p>If dexterity is the key to larger brains and evolved intelligence, why is that so unique to modern times and primates?  In the 130 million years or so of the existance of flowering\fruit bearing plants and trees, why us?</p>
<p>Just because we havent been able to dig it up doesnt mean that it hasnt happened here before, no?  Might be an easier explanation for those mass extinctions as well.</p>
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		<title>By: Markie Gman</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18669</link>
		<dc:creator>Markie Gman</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2008 13:21:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18669</guid>
		<description>Speculation is nice, but history has proven the curious optimist finds the most wonderful things and most often by accident. The real question is, even if life is very improbable, to the point of making intelligent life nearly impossible, would we still look for it? Yes we would, making the answer to that question more or less moot.

It&#039;s just too stinking awesome not to look for. Just like &quot;worm holes&quot;, forcefields and perpetual motion machines. It may get to the point that scientifically we&#039;ve decided there&#039;s little to no chance, but lets be honest how many future astronomers wouldn&#039;t entertain the idea of meeting intelligent life? In my opinion that&#039;s all we need to know until we know. Trying to create a mathmatical probability proof is a waste of time when we have more immediate goals in that area that need attention. Lets get good step or two off the planet first I say.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Speculation is nice, but history has proven the curious optimist finds the most wonderful things and most often by accident. The real question is, even if life is very improbable, to the point of making intelligent life nearly impossible, would we still look for it? Yes we would, making the answer to that question more or less moot.</p>
<p>It&#039;s just too stinking awesome not to look for. Just like &#034;worm holes&#034;, forcefields and perpetual motion machines. It may get to the point that scientifically we&#039;ve decided there&#039;s little to no chance, but lets be honest how many future astronomers wouldn&#039;t entertain the idea of meeting intelligent life? In my opinion that&#039;s all we need to know until we know. Trying to create a mathmatical probability proof is a waste of time when we have more immediate goals in that area that need attention. Lets get good step or two off the planet first I say.</p>
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		<title>By: Tony Trenton</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18659</link>
		<dc:creator>Tony Trenton</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2008 10:16:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18659</guid>
		<description>When ever we have been able to see first hand by satellite we have been surprised at the results being beyond our wildest dreams.

Patience, patience please</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>When ever we have been able to see first hand by satellite we have been surprised at the results being beyond our wildest dreams.</p>
<p>Patience, patience please</p>
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		<title>By: johnny deuce</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18656</link>
		<dc:creator>johnny deuce</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2008 09:15:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18656</guid>
		<description>I got this forwarded letter from Gribetz McClane, an intelligent extraterrestrial being from a planet located on Orion&#039;s belt, directly above the constellation&#039;s presupposed genitalia:

&quot;Salutations, Earthlings!

MY fellow beings have attempted to contact you regarding an important matter concerning intellectual property.  
Your Dasani and Ozarka bottled water companies have continuously taken credit for &quot;inventing&quot; and/or otherwise propogating the concept of bottling and distributing water as unique and &quot;revolutionary&quot;.  While this may be the case in your microcosm, our records indicate that this otherwise jaded concept of packaging and marketing essential resources is none other than our own.  

Your planet Earth - known as &quot;spherical water packaging concept #2&quot; on our planet Voltrexdotnet - is merely one of many products offered by our planet to other solar systems in the universe.  The problem with our test package was the rampant microbial growth due to less-than-sophisticated manufacturing techniques.  In turn, our water packaging concept slowly transformed into something similar to what your fellow creatures would refer to as a &quot;Chia Pet&quot;, more or less.  

To handle this matter appropriately, please cease any further attempts by Dasani, Ozarka, and other related companies to accept or proclaim intellectual credit involving packaged resources, or otherwise risk invasion and/or cattle mutilations.

Sincerely, 

Gribetz McClane
Supreme Overlord Power Master and co-founder of Voltrexdotnet Marketing&quot;

What an asshole!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I got this forwarded letter from Gribetz McClane, an intelligent extraterrestrial being from a planet located on Orion&#039;s belt, directly above the constellation&#039;s presupposed genitalia:</p>
<p>&#034;Salutations, Earthlings!</p>
<p>MY fellow beings have attempted to contact you regarding an important matter concerning intellectual property.<br />
Your Dasani and Ozarka bottled water companies have continuously taken credit for &#034;inventing&#034; and/or otherwise propogating the concept of bottling and distributing water as unique and &#034;revolutionary&#034;.  While this may be the case in your microcosm, our records indicate that this otherwise jaded concept of packaging and marketing essential resources is none other than our own.  </p>
<p>Your planet Earth &#8211; known as &#034;spherical water packaging concept #2&#034; on our planet Voltrexdotnet &#8211; is merely one of many products offered by our planet to other solar systems in the universe.  The problem with our test package was the rampant microbial growth due to less-than-sophisticated manufacturing techniques.  In turn, our water packaging concept slowly transformed into something similar to what your fellow creatures would refer to as a &#034;Chia Pet&#034;, more or less.  </p>
<p>To handle this matter appropriately, please cease any further attempts by Dasani, Ozarka, and other related companies to accept or proclaim intellectual credit involving packaged resources, or otherwise risk invasion and/or cattle mutilations.</p>
<p>Sincerely, </p>
<p>Gribetz McClane<br />
Supreme Overlord Power Master and co-founder of Voltrexdotnet Marketing&#034;</p>
<p>What an asshole!</p>
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		<title>By: Alien OverLord</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18651</link>
		<dc:creator>Alien OverLord</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2008 00:25:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18651</guid>
		<description>Dark Gnat,

Your inability to properly select &quot;than&quot; versus &quot;then&quot; in a comment about the communication abilities of the human race is quite hilarious.

You must be in the worker class of &quot;comedian.&quot;

I look forward to eating your people when they are ready for harvest.

Soon to buy you at a supermarket near me,

Alien OverLord</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Dark Gnat,</p>
<p>Your inability to properly select &#034;than&#034; versus &#034;then&#034; in a comment about the communication abilities of the human race is quite hilarious.</p>
<p>You must be in the worker class of &#034;comedian.&#034;</p>
<p>I look forward to eating your people when they are ready for harvest.</p>
<p>Soon to buy you at a supermarket near me,</p>
<p>Alien OverLord</p>
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		<title>By: Dark Gnat</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18647</link>
		<dc:creator>Dark Gnat</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 20 Apr 2008 21:21:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18647</guid>
		<description>Although out technology has improved, we are no more intelligent then the hunter-gatherers of millenia past.  We have been able to record the actions and idea of previous generations, and build upon what others have achieved, yet without a written language, we would have achieved almost nothing.  

No one is born into the world smarter than their ancestors.  A child knows only to cry for its mother. 
When we lack the capabilities to communicate effectively, we end up falling into war and and oppression. 

Are we really as intelligent as we think we are?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Although out technology has improved, we are no more intelligent then the hunter-gatherers of millenia past.  We have been able to record the actions and idea of previous generations, and build upon what others have achieved, yet without a written language, we would have achieved almost nothing.  </p>
<p>No one is born into the world smarter than their ancestors.  A child knows only to cry for its mother.<br />
When we lack the capabilities to communicate effectively, we end up falling into war and and oppression. </p>
<p>Are we really as intelligent as we think we are?</p>
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		<title>By: Derek Mathias</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18638</link>
		<dc:creator>Derek Mathias</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 20 Apr 2008 19:07:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18638</guid>
		<description>If one accepts the validity of the Law of Accelerating Returns, then once technological civilization develops, the odds of reaching the ultimate heights of technological development within a very short time is highly likely. 

Even if very few technological civilizations develop, they would likely exponentially expand outward from their planet of origin, and populate the galaxy in a relatively short time. 

The fact that it appears not to have happened yet belies that notion...unless we happen to be the first...which seems to be rather long odds itself. 

Conclusion: Who the hell knows?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If one accepts the validity of the Law of Accelerating Returns, then once technological civilization develops, the odds of reaching the ultimate heights of technological development within a very short time is highly likely. </p>
<p>Even if very few technological civilizations develop, they would likely exponentially expand outward from their planet of origin, and populate the galaxy in a relatively short time. </p>
<p>The fact that it appears not to have happened yet belies that notion&#8230;unless we happen to be the first&#8230;which seems to be rather long odds itself. </p>
<p>Conclusion: Who the hell knows?</p>
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		<title>By: Molecular</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18622</link>
		<dc:creator>Molecular</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 20 Apr 2008 16:10:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18622</guid>
		<description>I think that the chances for life outside of Earth are greater than we ever expect them to be. The existence of other intelligent life might just be sitting right under our noses, and we just are not recognizing it because we are either not smart enough, or, that we are taking the wrong approaches to discovering it. 

Evolution itself, could just be one sign that intelligent life other than what&#039;s here on this planet, exists. After-all, what it the reason that we as human beings seek to improve on the things which we make with our hands?.........So that they will work better for us and be more efficient in doing so. Is this not correct?  

One day, in the not too distant future, we WILL send out probes to a planet or moon that we have some idea about already. This probe will make the rovers on Mars look prehistoric by comparison. The reason being is that these particular probes will be self-sufficient.......and being self-sufficient means that they will need to evolve in order to survive the conditions of their environments. To survive the conditions of their environments ultimately means they will continue to carry out the missions of their programmers. 

Now, does this sound at all familiar, or I am just dreaming this up?  

Some could argue that we&#039;re all here due to random chance, and that this is not a sign of intelligence at work, ok. Think about this, the fact that I am even writing this is based on randomness, none of my words as I have typed this were premeditated, I drew them off the top of my head. To go even further beyond just typing words randomly, what about the artist, the musician, the painter, the sculptor, the architect, etc., who come up up with their own ideas out of nothing. This nothing which evolves over time from within their minds, into works that are appreciated by all who have eyes to see, ears to listen, and hands to touch.

Earth is just one place that harbors living entities that are the very products of MUCH older, higher intelligent beings which preceded them. 

So, to say that there isn&#039;t much chance that there are other beings outside of this planet is being EXTREMELY naive. :)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I think that the chances for life outside of Earth are greater than we ever expect them to be. The existence of other intelligent life might just be sitting right under our noses, and we just are not recognizing it because we are either not smart enough, or, that we are taking the wrong approaches to discovering it. </p>
<p>Evolution itself, could just be one sign that intelligent life other than what&#039;s here on this planet, exists. After-all, what it the reason that we as human beings seek to improve on the things which we make with our hands?&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;So that they will work better for us and be more efficient in doing so. Is this not correct?  </p>
<p>One day, in the not too distant future, we WILL send out probes to a planet or moon that we have some idea about already. This probe will make the rovers on Mars look prehistoric by comparison. The reason being is that these particular probes will be self-sufficient&#8230;&#8230;.and being self-sufficient means that they will need to evolve in order to survive the conditions of their environments. To survive the conditions of their environments ultimately means they will continue to carry out the missions of their programmers. </p>
<p>Now, does this sound at all familiar, or I am just dreaming this up?  </p>
<p>Some could argue that we&#039;re all here due to random chance, and that this is not a sign of intelligence at work, ok. Think about this, the fact that I am even writing this is based on randomness, none of my words as I have typed this were premeditated, I drew them off the top of my head. To go even further beyond just typing words randomly, what about the artist, the musician, the painter, the sculptor, the architect, etc., who come up up with their own ideas out of nothing. This nothing which evolves over time from within their minds, into works that are appreciated by all who have eyes to see, ears to listen, and hands to touch.</p>
<p>Earth is just one place that harbors living entities that are the very products of MUCH older, higher intelligent beings which preceded them. </p>
<p>So, to say that there isn&#039;t much chance that there are other beings outside of this planet is being EXTREMELY naive. <img src='http://www.universetoday.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
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		<title>By: Nuno</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18617</link>
		<dc:creator>Nuno</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 20 Apr 2008 14:01:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18617</guid>
		<description>What&#039;s more spooky?
That we are alone or that we aren&#039;t?

Nuno</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>What&#039;s more spooky?<br />
That we are alone or that we aren&#039;t?</p>
<p>Nuno</p>
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		<title>By: Polzer</title>
		<link>http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/19/the-odds-of-intelligent-life-in-the-universe/comment-page-2/#comment-18616</link>
		<dc:creator>Polzer</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 20 Apr 2008 13:27:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.universetoday.com/?p=13741#comment-18616</guid>
		<description>If Earth has taught us anything, it is that life exists everywhere.  Its existing in the harshest conditions around the globe.  I think that when we do travel to Europa, we will find an ocean full of life, I think as we continue to learn more about comets we will see more of the building blocks, and I think as more research is done we will find other life forms, not based on carbon, but based on other elements.  Life based on other elements may not require water, may not require a moderate climate, and may not require a &#039;five-step plan&#039; to become intelligent.

I really think life will turn up in more places than we think, as what we look for evolves.  As the universe goes from order to disorder life becomes inevitable.  

Now having said all that, Intelligent life is just another step in disorder, but it may be a tough one.  I hope we are not the only intelligent beings in the universe, but we are not even entirely sure we are the only intelligent beings on Earth yet.  Dolphins?  &quot;So long and thanks for all the fish!&quot;

Intelligence is all relative anyway, as talked about in Jay Igmans &#039;Theater of the Mind&#039; he describes the different &#039;levels&#039; of consciousness, and how they are just baby steps from each other.  A cat has no idea what a mirror is, a dog will bark at itself, but not really know its itself, a chimpanzee with a red sticker on its head will see its self image and try to wipe the dot off its own head.  Humans would make a sarcastic comment and laugh at the sticker on their head.&quot;

So what am I getting at?  with the almost infinite number of  stars and variability on each, we are limiting our search for life rather narrowly.  Its we find a strange web of  life on Europa... everything will change</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If Earth has taught us anything, it is that life exists everywhere.  Its existing in the harshest conditions around the globe.  I think that when we do travel to Europa, we will find an ocean full of life, I think as we continue to learn more about comets we will see more of the building blocks, and I think as more research is done we will find other life forms, not based on carbon, but based on other elements.  Life based on other elements may not require water, may not require a moderate climate, and may not require a &#039;five-step plan&#039; to become intelligent.</p>
<p>I really think life will turn up in more places than we think, as what we look for evolves.  As the universe goes from order to disorder life becomes inevitable.  </p>
<p>Now having said all that, Intelligent life is just another step in disorder, but it may be a tough one.  I hope we are not the only intelligent beings in the universe, but we are not even entirely sure we are the only intelligent beings on Earth yet.  Dolphins?  &#034;So long and thanks for all the fish!&#034;</p>
<p>Intelligence is all relative anyway, as talked about in Jay Igmans &#039;Theater of the Mind&#039; he describes the different &#039;levels&#039; of consciousness, and how they are just baby steps from each other.  A cat has no idea what a mirror is, a dog will bark at itself, but not really know its itself, a chimpanzee with a red sticker on its head will see its self image and try to wipe the dot off its own head.  Humans would make a sarcastic comment and laugh at the sticker on their head.&#034;</p>
<p>So what am I getting at?  with the almost infinite number of  stars and variability on each, we are limiting our search for life rather narrowly.  Its we find a strange web of  life on Europa&#8230; everything will change</p>
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