Super Earths Might Be Common
Written by Fraser Cain
Artist illustration of a super Earth. Image credit: CfA. Click to enlarge.
Nearly all the extrasolar planets discovered have been Jupiter-sized or larger. But astronomers from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics think that super-earths - rocky planets several times larger that our planet - might actually be much more common. Based on the recent discovery of a super-earth around a red dwarf star 9,000 light-years away, the research team calculated that there are probably 3 times as many of these planets than the larger gas giants.
Astronomers have discovered a new "super-Earth" orbiting a red dwarf star located about 9,000 light-years away. This newfound world weighs about 13 times the mass of the Earth and is probably a mixture of rock and ice, with a diameter several times that of Earth. It orbits its star at about the distance of the asteroid belt in our solar system, 250 million miles out. Its distant location chills it to -330 degrees Fahrenheit, suggesting that although this world is similar in structure to the Earth, it is too cold for liquid water or life.
Orbiting almost as far out as Jupiter does in our solar system, this "super-Earth" likely never accumulated enough gas to grow to giant proportions. Instead, the disk of material from which it formed dissipated, starving it of the raw materials it needed to thrive.
"This is a solar system that ran out of gas," says Harvard astronomer Scott Gaudi of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), a member of the MicroFUN collaboration that spotted the planet.
The discovery is being reported today in a paper posted online at http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0603276 and submitted to The Astrophysical Journal Letters for publication.
Gaudi performed extensive data analysis that confirmed the existence of the planet. Further analysis simultaneously ruled out the presence of any Jupiter-sized world in the distant solar system.
"This icy super-Earth dominates the region around its star that, in our solar system, is populated by the gas giant planets," said first author Andrew Gould (Ohio State University), who leads MicroFUN.
The team also calculates that about one-third of all main sequence stars may have similar icy super-Earths. Theory predicts that smaller planets should be easier to form than larger ones around low-mass stars. Since most Milky Way stars are red dwarfs, solar systems dominated by super-Earths may be more common in the Galaxy than those with giant Jupiters.
This discovery sheds new light on the process of solar system formation. Material orbiting a low-mass star accumulates into planets gradually, leaving more time for the gas in the protoplanetary disk to dissipate before large planets have formed. Low-mass stars also tend to have less massive disks, offering fewer raw materials for planet formation.
"Our discovery suggests that different types of solar systems form around different types of stars," explains Gaudi. "Sun-like stars form Jupiters, while red dwarf stars only form super-Earths. Larger A-type stars may even form brown dwarfs in their disks."
Astronomers found the planet using a technique called microlensing, an Einsteinian effect in which the gravity of a foreground star magnifies the light of a more distant star. If the foreground star possesses a planet, the planet's gravity can distort the light further, thereby signaling its presence. The precise alignment required for the effect means that each microlensing event lasts for only a brief time. Astronomers must monitor many stars closely to detect such events.
Microlensing is sensitive to less massive planets than the more common planet-finding methods of radial velocity and transit searches.
"Microlensing is the only way to detect Earth-mass planets from the ground with current technology," says Gaudi. "If there had been an Earth-mass planet in the same region as this super-Earth, and if the alignment had been just right, we could have detected it. By adding one more two-meter telescope to our arsenal, we may be able to find up to a dozen Earth-mass planets every year."
The OGLE (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment) collaboration initially discovered the microlensed star in April 2005 while peering in the direction of the galactic center, where both foreground and background stars are widespread. OGLE identifies several hundred microlensing events per year, however only a small fraction of those events yield planets. Gaudi estimates that with one or two additional telescopes located in the southern hemisphere to monitor the galactic center, the planet count could jump drastically.
The discovery was made by 36 astronomers, including members of the MicroFUN, OGLE, and Robonet collaborations. The name of the planet is OGLE-2005-BLG-169Lb. OGLE-2005-BLG-169 refers to the 169th microlensing event discovered by the OGLE Collaboration toward the Galactic bulge in 2005, and "Lb" refers to a planetary mass companion to the lens star.
Crucial roles in the discovery were played by OGLE team leader Andrzej Udalski of Warsaw University Observatory and graduate students Deokkeun An of Ohio State and Ai-ying Zhou of Missouri State University. Udalski noticed that this microlensing event was reaching a very high magnification on May 1, and he quickly alerted the MicroFUN group to this fact, since high magnification events are known to be very favorable for planet detection. MicroFUN's regular telescopes were unable to get many images, so MicroFUN leader Gould called the MDM Observatory in Arizona where An and Zhou were observing. Gould asked An and Zhou to obtain a few measurements of the star's brightness over the course of the night, but instead An and Zhou made more than 1000 measurements. This large number of MDM measurements was crucial for the determination the observed signal must really be due to a planet.
Original Source: CfA News Release
Filed under: Extrasolar Planets
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