What was Before the Big Bang? An Identical, Reversed Universe

by Ian O'Neill on April 14, 2008

Want to stay on top of all the space news? Follow @universetoday on Twitter

Graphic of the Big Bounce concept (Relativity4Engineers.com)
So what did exist before the Big Bang? This question would normally belong in the realms of deep philosophical thinking; the laws of physics have no right to probe beyond the Big Bang barrier. There can be no understanding of what was there before. We have no experience, no observational capability and no way of travelling back through it (we can’t even calculate it), so how can physicists even begin to think they can answer this question? Well, a new study of Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) is challenging this view, perhaps there is a way of looking into the pre-Big Bang “universe”. And the conclusion? The Big Bang was more of a “Big Bounce”, and the pre-bounce universe had the same physics as our universe… just backwards… Confused? I am

LQG is a tough theory to put into words, but it basically addresses the problems associated with the incompatibilities behind quantum theory and general relativity, two crucial theories that characterize our universe. If these two theories are not compatible with each other, the search for the “Theory Of Everything” will be hindered, disallowing gravity to merge with the “Grand Unified Theory” (a.k.a. the electronuclear force). LQG quantizes gravity, thereby providing a possible explanation for gravity and a possible key to unlocking the Theory Of Everything. However, from the outset, LQG has many critics as there is little direct or indirect evidence backing up the theory.

See the previous Universe Today article on Loop Quantum Gravity»

Regardless, much work is being done into this area of research. The primary consequence to come from LQG is that it predicts that the Big Bang which occurred 13.7 billion years ago was actually a “Big Bounce”; our universe is therefore the product of a contracting universe before the Big Bang. The previous universe (or our universe “twin”) contracted to a single point (which could be interpreted as a “Big Crunch”) and then rebounded in a Big Bounce to produce the Big Bang as we’ve learned to accept as the birth of the universe as we know it. But until now, although the pre-bounce universe has been predicted, its characteristics could not be known. No information about the pre-bounce universe could be observed in today’s universe, the Big Bounce causes a “cosmic amnesia”, destroying all information of the previous universe.

Now, physicists Alejandro Corichi from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Parampreet Singh from the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Ontario are working on a simplified Loop Quantum Gravity (sLQG) theory where they approximate the value of the “quantum constraint”, a key equation in the LQG theory. What happens next is a little surprising. From their calculations, it would appear that a universe, identical to our own, with identical mechanics, existed before the Big Bounce.

…the twin universe will have the same laws of physics and, in particular, the same notion of time as in ours. The laws of physics will not change because the evolution is always unitary, which is the nicest way a quantum system can evolve. In our analogy, it will look identical to its twin when seen from afar; one could not distinguish them.” – Parampreet Singh

We are not talking about an alternate dimension; we are talking about an identical universe with the same space-time and quantum characteristics as our own. If we look at our universe now (13.7 billion years post-bounce), it would be identical to the universe 13.7 billion years before the Big Bounce. The only difference being the direction of time would be opposite; the pre-bounce universe would be reversed.

In the universe before the bounce, all the general features will be the same. It will follow the same dynamical equations, the Einstein’s equations when the universe is large. Our model predicts that this happens when the universe becomes of the order 100 times larger than the Planck size. Further, the matter content will be the same, and it will have the same evolution. Since the pre-bounce universe is contracting, it will look as if we were looking at ours backward in time.” – Parampreet Singh

Analysing what happened before the Big Bang is only part of the story. By making this approximation of a key LQG equation, Singh and Corichi are working on models where galaxies and other physical structures leave an imprint in the pre-bounce universe to influence the post-bounce universe. Would these structures be distributed in similar ways? Will the structures in one universe be similar or identical to structures in the other universe? There may also be an opportunity to look into the future of this universe and predict whether the conditions are right for another Big Bounce (once can imagine repeated bounces, producing a cycle of universes).

For now, this research is highly theoretical and any observational evidence will remain sparse for the time being. Although this is the case, it does begin to probe the big question and may push physics a bit closer toward describing what existed before the Big Bang…

Source: Physorg.com

About

[Follow me on Twitter (@astroengine)]

[Check out my space blog: Astroengine.com]

[Check out my radio show: Astroengine Live!]

Hello! My name is Ian O'Neill and I've been writing for the Universe Today since December 2007. I am a solar physics doctor, but my space interests are wide-ranging. Since becoming a science writer I have been drawn to the more extreme astrophysics concepts (like black hole dynamics), high energy physics (getting excited about the LHC!) and general space colonization efforts. I am also heavily involved with the Mars Homestead project (run by the Mars Foundation), an international organization to advance our settlement concepts on Mars. I also run my own space physics blog: Astroengine.com, be sure to check it out!

  • MIke B.

    Current observations indicate that our universe is expanding at an increasing rate. Unless something (we don’t yet understand) stopps this, I’m not quite sure how you get a bounce out of that. Nevertheless I look forward to tea at the restraunt at the end of the universe.

  • Emission Nebula

    WHAT ARE YOU YELLING AT TONY!!!

    And for the record Tony, its still only theory. You cant justify it because physicist theorize about it. So bringing up things like the Catholic church isnt going to make this theory any more true or false.

    I would like to the equations on ths. Any place showing? Or is it top secret work?

  • greg your last name

    umm…so what existed before the pre-bounce universe? did matter just POP into existence and then beginning counting down and compressing until the post bounce?

  • Eric Near Buffalo

    Finally, something that went along with my idea of a constantly contracting and expanding universe. I first brought this up when the story about the latest estimate of the age of the universe came out about 3 weeks ago. A few comments ago somebody said it best that: “The Theory is very interesting and makes much more sense than suddenly there was a bang and all this material appeared out of nothingness.”

    The Big Bang sounds ok, but yeah, from a singularity that was one tenth the size of an atom (if I recall correctly) there was an explosion and from that we have all there is the universe.

    I was never able to put much stock in the Big Bang since my Earth Science teacher in my freshman year of high school brought it up. (I’m 25 now)

    Now that I know there’s a theory along the lines of what I was thinking – that the universe possibly expands and contracts on a phenomenal time scale – I don’t feel like such a kook anymore. Well maybe I’m still a kook, but not so alone in my opinions.

  • Dark Gnat

    If the universe is the result of a big bounce, then where did the pre-bounce universe come from? What caused it to contract?

    What came before that? Still another universe that was expanding? That begs the question, what stopped the expansion? Is there some form of a cosmic stopwatch that reverses time every now and then?

    It’s an interesting thought experiment, but it can only be added to the pile of other pre-big bang theories, as there is no way to prove any of them. Asking what came before the big bang is like asking what’s north of the north pole, according to Hawking.

    This makes me wonder, is this pre-big bang universe simply a mirror image of our own? How would we know the difference?

  • Dominion

    Take the red pill…

  • George

    See what Brian Green has to say in “The Elegant Universe” about quantum geometry, t-duality and the garden hose universe model. String theory gives a result that sounds very similar.

  • Peter K

    If time proceeds and recedes at intervals, then our universe will follow suit. Even an ever-faster expanding universe will simply implode at slower and slower rates until the opposite of inflation when it will wink out of existence in a mere thousand years. Steve, thanks for the graphic imagery. Think I like the forward universe much better! I still wonder if we aren’t just miniscule specks in an atomic sized universe in an even greater universe. Quantum particles keep getting smaller and more interesting, we should make sure we’re listening for the “Whos” in the next smaller universe.
    Horton

  • Markus Stone

    This is like my own pet theory of everything. I’ll have a crack at explaining it here although I’m not sure if I’ll do it justice.

    All matter in the universe tends toward accretion. Super clusters of Galaxies are made up of smaller clusters. Galaxies have discs made of stars who’s discs it seems, often turn into planets, some of whom have rings and moons – anyone see a pattern here?

    It doesn’t make sense that everything in the universe is clumpy, rather than just being a bunch of individual grains of dust expanding away from each other on divergent paths. Imagine a bag of flour exploding in deep space, flinging it’s grains in all directions faster than the escape velocity for the flour ‘system’. How long would it take before you’d expect the grains of flour to clump together forming even small conglomerations of flour grains? That’s right – NEVER – each grain is on a divergent path, never to meet again. If the universe is really an ‘open’ one it should be composed only of molecules or subatomic particles or pure energy.

    So if this clumpy universe of ours really did expand from a singularity, why, that sounds pretty much like a black hole running backwards, doesn’t it? Matter being regurgitated from a singularity. Given the fact that matter in our universe seems to like to clump together, eventually the fate of all matter must eventually be to get sucked back in to a singularity (black hole). What’s left of the earth will surely eventually go down that big ol’ gurgler at the middle of the milky way – and then what? Oops, there goes the Magellanic clouds. And Andromeda got a bit too close – oops there you go! And so on and so forth…

    So I’m thinking here that the universe just vacillates back and forth. Singularity in forwards time is just called a black hole, singularity in reverse time is called a big bang. Everything starts with one and ends with the other. Whether you’re traveling ‘forwards’ or ‘backwards’ through time is simply a matter of perspective. Same way a particle in forwards time behaves exactly the same an anti-particle in reverse. It’s all just a matter of perspective.

    There are two places we’ll never be able to see, no matter how good our telescopes get – the edge of our universe, and beyond the event horizon of a black hole.

    I’m thinking maybe they’re the same thing. Matter falls into the black hole. That matter can no longer see anything of the universe from whence it came because of the event horizon now enclosing it. Relativity predicts an equal and opposite parralell universe inside a black hole with a second singularity with of exact opposite characteristics – a white hole where matter can only escape (in other words a big bang that can only exist with in the confines of the black hole’s event horizon).

    If our universe were born from a white hole singularity inside a black hole, it would look essentially the same, as we cannot see beyond the edge of our event horizon. As our black hole / universe absorbs more matter, the event horizon expands, which is analogous to the expansion of the universe itself.

    It’s already been theorized that micro black holes could behave exactly like normal atomic particles, as both are simply singularities. Perhaps they are the same thing and our universe is simply a seething mass of singularities of various scales moving in opposite directions on a timeline – one way for matter, the other for antimatter (or normal matter who’s time happens to be running backwards).

    This would also explain the rate and direction of time flow as experienced by us – it’s a function of the mass contained within the event horizon of our universe/black hole. The more mass our universe accumulates, the slower time goes and the more the universe seems to accellerate in it’s expansion.

    It makes sense to me anyhow. I’m sure someone will shoot me down.

    Cheers

    -Markus

  • Eric Near Buffalo

    I’ve whimsically thought about our universe just existing in a small little trinket, much like in “Men In Black”. It’s a goofy little notion, but if you were to see how everything exists when you die, I would act as if I were on “Candid Camera” if that’s how it really is. That whole “You gotta be kidding me!” thing.

  • http://www.spacemirrormystery.com/ pradi’s lawyer

    Great opening Ian,

    thanks for pointing to my client’s idea of mirrored universe:
    http://www.spacemirrormystery.com/

    Keep up speculation Ian. we love you.

  • Jason Leary

    Zeb ,
    Please,
    define the phrase “mathematically the time -reverse of ordinary matter .’

  • soul

    Tony, So where did the first matter come from? Exploding Over and Over just prolongs the same question in my humble opinion. Have a little grudge against Christianity? ;)

    Interesting research, but as others have said this has as much credence as monkeys partaking in flight from unspeakable areas.

  • bigger bang

    The religious nuts are not only trying to take over our government but also our science. Just take a look at that book–THE FINAL THEORY.

  • Clint

    It seems to me that people are mis-using the word theory. Here is the definition:
    A theory is an explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. One scientist cannot create a theory; he can only create a hypothesis.
    My question is what observations were made of this “other universe”? This seems more like a hypothesis at best.

  • Ted

    I have always had a very serious problem with science taking us back to a single particle. Where did the particle come from?

  • Emission Nebula

    For that matter where did anything come from? How did anything start exsisting?

  • Emission Nebula

    Ive always thought that science is too philisophical about the big bang,

    Ok, we can see 13.7 billion years away. But how does science know its not farther.

    Some, believe or not, in the science community think that the whole 13 billion years theory is a religious statment.

    I honestly cant have an opinion either way.

  • Adérito Luís

    I don´t understand the picture above, is same like a filter, if the big bounce was that, i need to get same more deductive picture to turn possible understand the picture

  • rob

    hi konstantine. Thanks for the great answer on the chicken coming first. I’m using that from now on!

    And If the chicken was first the pardox remains. Which I kind of like actually b/c it means science will never have all the answers and neither will religion. You end up having to decide what you do or don’t believe. But the fact that we exist at all is some form of miracle, which you can take religiously or not.

    Markus stone, I enjoyed reading your concept. I’m not a science dude so I don’t know whether it is plausible or not but its interesting. I got hung up on the very last point you made about the universe appearing to accelerate but its actually time slowing. Can you elaborate to help my peanut brain? Thanks.

Previous post:

Next post: